https://www.researchgate.net/figure/...fig2_320063477 (Managing competing goals — a key role for the frontopolar cortex)
"undirected exploration" <--> not a planner ?
... or "directed exploration" (low) <--> not a planner ?
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"Anterior prefrontal cortex
Disengaging cognitive control from the current task and redistributing cognitive resources to other potential goals existing in the environment"
This is cognitive flexibility, which is directly related to fluid intelligence.
Recent studies combining computational modelling, behavioural tests and fMRI experiments have proposed a model that describes arbitration processes between exploitation and exploration behaviours and formalizes aspects of the evolution of the frontal pole function from monkeys to humans. This model distinguishes two arbitration systems. The first is a basic system that monitors online the relevance (‘absolute reliability’, in the model terminology) of the ongoing behavioural strategy (that is, the ‘actor’) and triggers undirected exploration when this strategy is deemed irrelevant. Relevance is inferred from the predictability of action outcomes and the occurrence of contextual cues. Undirected exploration is conceived as the emergence of a new cognitive set that serves as the actor. This is initially built from long-term memory of previously learned, contextually relevant strategies and is subsequently adjusted to external contingencies. The relevance of this cognitive set is monitored online and may eventually be consolidated in long-term memory, when it is deemed relevant.https://www.researchgate.net/figure/...fig2_320063477 (Managing competing goals — a key role for the frontopolar cortex)
"undirected exploration" <--> not a planner ?
... or "directed exploration" (low) <--> not a planner ?
The second is an add-on system that further monitors online the relevance of a few alternative behavioural strategies. These strategies were previously used as relevant-actor strategies but were subsequently deemed irrelevant. Critically, this system allows one of these alternative strategies to replace the current-actor strategy when the latter is deemed irrelevant (by the basic system) and the former is deemed relevant again (by the add-on system). The add-on system thus enables directed exploration — that is, the ability to keep track of and test several behavioural hypotheses simultaneously and, as a special case, perform cognitive branching.
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...150v1.full.pdf
A neurocomputational model of human frontopolar cortex function
Alexandre Hyafil, Etienne Koechlin
The frontopolar cortex (FPC), the most anterior part of the lateral prefrontal cortex corresponding to Brodmann’s area 10, is involved in human high-order cognition, including reasoning, problem-solving and multitasking. Its specific contribution to prefrontal executive function, however, remains unclear. A neurocomputational model suggests that the FPC implements a basic process referred to as cognitive branching that maintains a task in a pending state during the execution of another, and enables to revert back to it upon completion of the ongoing one. However, the FPC is engaged in other cognitive functions including prospective memory, relational reasoning, episodic memory retrieval and attentional set-shifting, which are not directly linked to the notion of cognitive branching. Here we used a neurocomputional branching model to simulate the involvement of the FPC in these various cognitive functions. Simulation results indicate that the model accounts for the variety of FPC activations observed in these various experimental paradigms. Thus, the present study provides theoretical evidence suggesting that all these behavioral paradigms implicitly involve branching processes, and supports the idea that cognitive branching is the core function of the human frontopolar cortex.
https://www.researchgate.net/publica...topolar_Cortex
Von Economo Neurons in the Human Medial Frontopolar Cortex
Carlos Gonzalez, Martha Isabel Escobar, Manuel F Casanova, Hernán J Pimienta
The von Economo neurons (VEN) are characterized by a large soma, spindle-like soma, with little dendritic arborization at both, the basal and apical poles. In humans, VENs have been described in the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampal formation, the anterior cingulate cortex, the rostral portion of the insula and the dorsomedial Brodmann's area 9 (BA9). These cortical regions have been associated with cognitive functions such as social interactions, intuition and emotional processing. Previous studies that searched for the presence of these cells in the lateral frontal poles yielded negative results. The presence of VENs in other cortical areas on the medial surface of the human prefrontal cortex which share both a common functional network and similar laminar organization, led us to examine its presence in the medial portion of the frontal pole. In the present study, we used tissue samples from five postmortem subjects taken from the polar portion of BA10, on the medial surface of both hemispheres. We found VENs in the human medial BA10, although they are very scarce and dispersed. We also observed crests and walls of the gyrus to quantitatively assess: (A) interhemispheric asymmetries, (B) the VENs/pyramidal ratio, (C) the area of the soma of VENs and (D) the difference in soma area between VENs and pyramidal and fusiform cells. We found that VENs are at least seven times more abundant on the right hemisphere and at least 2.5 times more abundant in the crest than in the walls of the gyrus. The soma size of VENs in the medial frontopolar cortex is larger than that of pyramidal and fusiform cells of layer VI, and their size is larger in the walls than in the crests. Our finding might be a contribution to the understanding of the role of these neurons in the functional networks in which all the areas in which they have been found are linked. However, the particularities of VENs in the frontal pole, as their size and quantity, may also lead us to interpret the findings in the light of other positions such as van Essen's theory of tension-based brain morphogenesis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Economo_neuron
Von Economo neurons are relatively large cells that may allow rapid communication across the relatively large brains of great apes, elephants, and cetaceans. Although rare in comparison to other neurons, von Economo neurons are abundant, and comparatively large, in humans; they are however three times as abundant in cetaceans.
https://www.researchgate.net/publica...topolar_Cortex
Von Economo Neurons in the Human Medial Frontopolar Cortex
Carlos Gonzalez, Martha Isabel Escobar, Manuel F Casanova, Hernán J Pimienta
The von Economo neurons (VEN) are characterized by a large soma, spindle-like soma, with little dendritic arborization at both, the basal and apical poles. In humans, VENs have been described in the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampal formation, the anterior cingulate cortex, the rostral portion of the insula and the dorsomedial Brodmann's area 9 (BA9). These cortical regions have been associated with cognitive functions such as social interactions, intuition and emotional processing. Previous studies that searched for the presence of these cells in the lateral frontal poles yielded negative results. The presence of VENs in other cortical areas on the medial surface of the human prefrontal cortex which share both a common functional network and similar laminar organization, led us to examine its presence in the medial portion of the frontal pole. In the present study, we used tissue samples from five postmortem subjects taken from the polar portion of BA10, on the medial surface of both hemispheres. We found VENs in the human medial BA10, although they are very scarce and dispersed. We also observed crests and walls of the gyrus to quantitatively assess: (A) interhemispheric asymmetries, (B) the VENs/pyramidal ratio, (C) the area of the soma of VENs and (D) the difference in soma area between VENs and pyramidal and fusiform cells. We found that VENs are at least seven times more abundant on the right hemisphere and at least 2.5 times more abundant in the crest than in the walls of the gyrus. The soma size of VENs in the medial frontopolar cortex is larger than that of pyramidal and fusiform cells of layer VI, and their size is larger in the walls than in the crests. Our finding might be a contribution to the understanding of the role of these neurons in the functional networks in which all the areas in which they have been found are linked. However, the particularities of VENs in the frontal pole, as their size and quantity, may also lead us to interpret the findings in the light of other positions such as van Essen's theory of tension-based brain morphogenesis.
------
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Economo_neuron
Von Economo neurons are relatively large cells that may allow rapid communication across the relatively large brains of great apes, elephants, and cetaceans. Although rare in comparison to other neurons, von Economo neurons are abundant, and comparatively large, in humans; they are however three times as abundant in cetaceans.
http://www.insightsforchange.co.uk/articles/Nardi_pt1_IndivDifferences_Jul2012.pdf
IEE / ENFp ... area F4 is very active
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21930138/
"A role for rostral prefrontal cortex (BA10) has been proposed in multitasking, in particular, the selection and maintenance of higher order internal goals while other sub-goals are being performed."
http://www.wikisocion.net/en/index.p..._irrationality
"Tend to finish what they started." (Andrew Wiles)
Socionics Model A: LII
MBTI: I-N-T-J
the Myers-Briggs model: ?
Terence Tao has a leading "Ti" and he is an I-N-T-P (mbti), so there are obviously more than 16 personality types.http://www.wikisocion.net/en/index.p..._irrationality
"Tend to finish what they started." (Andrew Wiles)
Socionics Model A: LII
MBTI: I-N-T-J
the Myers-Briggs model: ?
https://www.academia.edu/20312396/Th...iable_Analysis
The Relationship between Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Raven Standard Progressive Matrices: A Latent Variable Analysis
To investigate the relationship between the executive functions and the fluid intelligence, the relationship between two problem solving tests, namely the Wisconsin Cart Sorting Test (WCST, a widely accepted test of the executive functioning) and the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices Test (RSPMT, the most frequently used measure of the fluid intelligence) was analyzed by means of the relationship between the Structural Equation Models (SEM). 175 healthy university students participated in the study. RSPMT and WCST were used as data collection instruments. Significant correlations were obtained between the RSPMT`s total score, timing score and twelve different scores of WCST. Following the research hypotheses, the data obtained were analyzed by means of structural equation modeling. These findings further supported the relationship between the two tests. As a contribution to the literature, it was shown that besides updating and inhibition, set-formation is also significantly associated with fluid inteligence. The notion which proposes that the executive functions are the reflection of general intelligence and they represent the individual differences in the fluid intelligence performance has been supported with further scientific evidence.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_flexibility
Cognitive flexibility is an intrinsic property of a cognitive system often associated with the mental ability to adjust its activity and content, switch between different task rules and corresponding behavioral responses, maintain multiple concepts simultaneously and shift internal attention between them.
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