When a task is too demanding, we lose concentration and get frustrated.
When a task is too demanding, we lose concentration and get frustrated.
surprise, amazement, bewilderment <--> confusion ... This is probably not an emotion.
surprise <--> shock ... This is directly related to fear and the startle response.
excitement and fear: maximize pleasure (reward) and minimize pain (punishment)
love and hate: praise and blame
happiness and sadness: an optimistic outlook (feeling free) and a pessimistic outlook (feeling trapped)
If an object causes pain (or a lack of pleasure) then we get frustrated.
If a person causes pain (or a lack of pleasure) then we feel hate.
Basic emotions are so basic. I only have compound-complex emotions, like joie de vivré, schadenfreude, toska, kilig, hiraeth, saudade, and merak.
Robert Plutchik thought awe was a combination of surprise and fear. But it is possible to explain emotions such as awe and reverence without surprise.
"an overwhelming feeling of reverence, admiration, fear, etc., produced by that which is grand, sublime, extremely powerful, or the like: in awe of God; in awe of great political figures."
"Reverence involves a humbling of the self in respectful recognition of something perceived to be greater than the self"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiration
"Sara Algoe and Jonathan Haidt include admiration in the category of other-praising emotions, alongside awe, elevation, and gratitude."
1. euphoria and depression <--> opioids, endocannabinoids, orexin, dopaminean optimistic outlook (feeling free) and a pessimistic outlook (feeling trapped)
2. happiness and sadness <--> CARE and PANIC/separation ... oxytocin etc (see post #47)
happiness <--> meaningfulness
excitement and fear <--> serotonin 1 and dopamine
euphoria and depression <--> serotonin 2 and dopamine
(?)
PANIC/separation (distress, grief) = a lack of CARElove = CARE2. happiness and sadness <--> CARE and PANIC/separation
happiness
1. achieving long-term goals, satisfaction, meaningfulness
2. social hierarchy (laughing), feeling valuable to others ... i.e. a social emotion
I prefer 'gloominess' over 'depression' since the latter is a mental disorder.
excitement, interest: approach
fear: avoid
euphoria: solve problems ---> gain
gloominess: lose
love/CARE: care
anger (hate, frustration): defend, destroy
Oh yes like the prefrontal cortex no longer works to inhibit the raw limbic stuff (as far as lack of concentration)Originally Posted by Petter
Anyways I see anger as, like, the emotion for aggression and assertive, forceful vitality. So from that, all the things you've listed will follow easily.
PS. I'm no neuroscientist, so take everything I say in this thread with a grain of salt when it comes to the brain stuff
https://www.paulekman.com/universal-...t-is-surprise/
"Some emotion scholars do not consider surprise to be an emotion because they say it is neither pleasant nor unpleasant, claiming that all emotions must be one or the other. Many emotions experts, including Dr. Paul Ekman, disagree with this stance, noting that surprise feels like an emotion to most people; in the moment or two before we figure out what is occurring, before we switch to another emotion or no emotion, surprise itself can feel good or bad."
"Whereas surprise is an emotion, startle is a physical reflex. Startle has an even more constrained timing than surprise: the startle expression becomes apparent in 1/4 of second and it’s over in 1/2 second. While being told about a surprise beforehand can eliminate feeling surprise, no one can inhibit the startle reaction. Being warned that you will be startled by a loud noise may reduce, but won’t eliminate, its expression. Conversely, you can't be surprised if you know what's going to happen.
Startle also shows an exact opposite expression as the surprise expression. In startle, our eyes are closed tightly, brows lower, and our lips are stretched tensely.
In surprise, our eyes are wide open, eyebrows are raised, and jaws drop open."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)
"It has been suggested that surprise is an envelope term for both the startle response and also disbelief. More recent research shows that raising of the eyebrows does provide facial feedback to disbelief but not to the startle."
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If surprise is an emotion then epiphany should also be an emotion.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habenula
"It is one of the few areas known to influence virtually all monoaminergic systems in the brainstem, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin."
https://www.frontiersin.org/research...atric-symptoms
"This Research Topic aims to broaden the understanding of the role of the habenula in the numerous psychiatric disorders themselves and in the neuropsychiatric symptoms (e.g. agitation, anxiety, apathy, cognitive inflexibility, hallucinations, depression, disinhibition, eating disturbances, euphoria, sleep disturbances) frequently encountered in the context of other disorders. Combining the expertise of both clinical as well as pre-clinical researchers will deepen our understanding of the importance of the habenula and open new exciting avenues for potential clinical intervention."
gloominess = a lack of euphoria
This thread always tickles me. "Basic Emotions" - *nosedives into neurology*
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reward...ing_and_liking
"The wanting component is thought to be controlled by dopaminergic pathways, whereas the liking component is thought to be controlled by opiate-benzodiazepine systems."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26070759/
"People use party drugs as a shortcut to euphoria."
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3454351/
"For example, co-users report seeking BZD prescriptions for the purpose of enhancing opioid intoxication or “high” "
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liking <--> euphoria (?)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhedonia
"Anhedonia is a diverse array of deficits in hedonic function, including reduced motivation or ability to experience pleasure."
"anhedonia is a component of depressive disorders"
Disgust could be the opposite of euphoria (i.e. liking).
A show based on Paul Ekman's work once said that disgust was the strongest expression of hate. For context, the show is called "Lie To Me," and it's about micro expressions. That's why they didn't include behaviors and actions, such as murder.
Not sure what my personal stance on that statement is, just thought I'd regurgitate something I heard.
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-07565-001
"Differences between males and females in reported and physiological disgust responses (heart rate, electrodermal activity, salivary cortisol, secretory immunoglobulin A) were tested by analysis of variance."
... or anguish, distressDisgust could be the opposite of euphoria (i.e. liking).
https://www.mercurynews.com/2009/02/...-love-circuit/
In humans, there are four tiny areas of the brain that some researchers say form a circuit of love. Acevedo, who works at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, is part of a team that has isolated those regions with the unromantic names of ventral tegmental area (VTA), the nucleus accumbens, the ventral pallidum and raphe nucleus.
https://www.newscientist.com/article...t-first-sight/
“We are also studying how the hormone oxytocin – which is known to create parent-offspring bonds and pair bonds – facilitates the communication between all these brain areas to make your partner, friend or colleague a pleasure to be with,” he says.
Circuit of love sounds like some kind of attempt at a love song.
Circuit of love
Beep bop
Oxytocin
High on our self's drugs
The human circuit of love
I'll pair-bond your raphe nucleus
I'm mingling in your ventral tegmental area
I'm tying up your nucleus accumbens
I'm the paladin of the ventral pallidum
Facilitating brain communication
The human circuit of love
Partner friend or colleague
A pleasure to be with
Waves of oxytocin
We study animal magnetism
The electro-chemical circuit of love
Beep boop
Circuit of love
I didn't bother reading the articles, though I'll probably skim it if I get bored, but if I get bored, shame on me, because only boring people get bored. These people still haven't read the latest research from MIT and I'm not interested in idle speculation using the old model of the brain. Don't they know electricity syncronizes the brain, not individual neurons? Show me the transistors in the circuit of love please.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/art...e_love_hormone
"In 2012, researchers reported that people in the first stages of romantic attachment had higher levels of oxytocin, compared with non-attached single people. These levels persisted for at least 6 months."
"One review of research into oxytocin states that the hormone’s impact on “pro-social behaviors” and emotional responses contributes to relaxation, trust, and psychological stability."
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/b.../what-is-trust
The psychological alternative that trust is a feeling of confidence and security is much more plausible than behavioral, probabilistic, and philosophical views. But it leaves unspecified the nature of this feeling. My forthcoming book, Mind-Society, proposes that trust is a brain process that binds representations of self, other, situation, and emotion into a special pattern of neural firing called a semantic pointer. Emotions like trust and love are neural patterns that combine representations of the situation that the emotion is about, appraisals of the relevance of the situation to goals, perceptions of physiological changes, and (sometimes) representations of the self that is having the emotion.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles...017.00356/full
Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) are ancient peptide molecules with many behavioral and physiological functions. These pleotropic peptides evolved from a single genetic source (1). OT and VP, with their receptors, function as an integrated, adaptive system, allowing the mammalian body to survive, maintain homeostasis, and reproduce in an ever-changing world. However, OT- and VP-like molecules were co-opted for other functions many times over the course of evolution (2).
Vasopressin is considered the more ancient molecule, with a central role in defense. OT, especially in a context of safety, may override the defensive functions of VP helping to facilitate the evolution of the complex cognition and selective sociality associated with human behavior, including social attachment and love (3, 4) (Figure 1).
oxytocin and vasopressin.jpg
6 basic emotions
excitement (future)
happiness, euphoria (past: praise ... a positive event and an improvement is possible, hopefulness)
satisfaction, thankfulness (past: praise ... a positive event and an improvement is not possible, hopelessness)
fear (future)
sadness, gloominess (past: blame ... a negative event and an improvement is not possible, hopelessness)
anger (past: blame ... a negative event and an improvement is possible, hopefulness)
satisfaction, thankfulness ... or love, CARE (?)
https://emotionsblog.history.qmul.ac...as-of-disgust/
"Just last year, I was sat with a non-English work colleague discussing my research. When I suggested that disgust was an emotion, she looked confused. To her, disgust was not an emotion at all, but a description of a bodily function, like hunger. Another non-English academic, Neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp, seems to agree with my colleague. Judith Toronchuk and George Ellis wrote a paper suggesting that Disgust should be one of his basic emotion systems. Panksepp asked ‘why not include hunger, thirst, fatigue and many other affective states of the body as emotions?’ The notion that disgust is an emotion, basic or otherwise, seems to be lost in translation."
https://www.researchgate.net/publica...otional_system
"We argue in this paper for the inclusion in the primary emotional systems enumerated by Panksepp of a neural system that organises disgust responses. The DISGUST system arose phylogenetically in response to danger to the internal milieu from pathogens and their toxic products. We suggest that the primitive emotive circuit, which originally provided defence by regulating consummatory behaviours, gave rise to a primary emotional system that facilitates evaluation of reinforcers. Unlike the sensory affect of distaste from which it is experimentally dissociable, disgust responses can involve flexible learned components triggered by several modalities. The anterior insula is implicated as playing a major role in the DISGUST system both in organising disgust responses in the individual and recognising disgust responses in others."
8 basic emotions
excitement (future)
satisfaction, liking (past ... a positive event)
happiness, euphoria (past and future ... a positive event and an improvement is possible, hopefulness)
love, CARE, trust, thankfulness (past ... praise)
fear (future)
dissatisfaction, disgust (past ... a negative event)
sadness, gloominess (past and future ... a negative event and an improvement is not possible, hopelessness)
anger (past ... blame)
minimal excitement = boredom (stop approaching an object ... surprise is not needed)
zero excitement or fear = indifference (no emotions)
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2000-05098-005
"This article documents the neglect of love in many contemporary emotion theories, despite its prominence in the lay psychology of emotion. The authors argue that love should be considered a basic emotion, like anger, sadness, happiness, and fear. They discuss the criteria that various theorists use to distinguish basic from non-basic emotions and marshal arguments and evidence from a variety of sources suggesting that love fits the criteria for basicness. It is concluded that a number of controversies over the status of love can be resolved by distinguishing between the momentary surge form of love, a basic emotion having properties similar to joy, sadness, fear, etc, and relational love, a bond that develops between people, associated with states that include not only surge love, but many other emotions such as distress and anxiety. Finally, it is suggested that "love" is the broad, everyday name for emotions related to 3 interrelated behavioral systems discussed by J. Bowlby (1979): attachment, caregiving, and sex. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)"
excitement: he expects a positive event
liking, enjoyment: a positive event (now)
disappointment (dopamine decreases): not a positive event
fear: he expects a negative event
disgust, distress: a negative event (now)
relief (dopamine decreases): not a negative event
the nucleus accumbens and dopamine <--> basic emotions in post #119
https://blog.neuromendcenter.com/you...never-heard-of
"Your habenula, sometimes referred to as the “Anti-reward System”, is a tiny area in the middle of your brain positioned between the thalamus and the stalk of the pineal gland.
The habenula regulates nearby reward areas and helps us to learn from actions made throughout our lives."
"Scientists believe that the lateral sub-region of our habenula plays a much larger role in the symptoms of depression, as well as other illnesses, than previously thought.
It is a major relay center between our fore-brain and hind-brain that dictates how we interpret the outside world and its stimuli. The habenula plays a key role in how we interpret emotions, motivations, and rewards."
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