If you know about any interesting exercise research, or find any, post it here!

There is the wikipedia page:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise

which cites this paper in a table:

Egan, B. and Zierath, J.R., 2013. Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation. Cell metabolism, 17(2), pp.162-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.012

The sort of questions I'm interested in personally are:

What is the optimal amount of exercise to do for the health benefits (i.e. fitness, quality of life, longevity), in terms of time and energy?

What are the best (or alternatively, simplest) exercises to do?

What are effective exercises to do with a minimum amount of effort? What exercises can be done when engaged doing something else? (for example, using an exercise pedal).