"Typical IQ test tasks involving PFS of several objects: (A) requires the combination of two objects. The top two rows of the matrix indicate the rule: 'the object in the right column is the result of the combination of the two objects shown in the left and middle row' (the solution in the 5th square). (B) shows a question that relies on the PFS of four objects. (C) shows a question in which PFS of two objects has to be conducted according to the following rule specified in the top row: 'the object in the middle column goes on top of the object in the left column' ( the solution in the second square)."
Analogy (Ne), categorization (Ne: "alignment-first" analogy ... or Ti) and logical reasoning (Ti) use PFS.
Both intuition/creativity and logic/comparison depend on PFA and PFS.https://psyarxiv.com/skxwc/
"Typical IQ test tasks involving PFS of several objects: (A) requires the combination of two objects. The top two rows of the matrix indicate the rule: 'the object in the right column is the result of the combination of the two objects shown in the left and middle row' (the solution in the 5th square). (B) shows a question that relies on the PFS of four objects. (C) shows a question in which PFS of two objects has to be conducted according to the following rule specified in the top row: 'the object in the middle column goes on top of the object in the left column' ( the solution in the second square)."
Shape (geons), size, quantity and direction are processed by the parietal lobe.
Verbal patterns and visual patterns (faces etc) are processed by the temporal lobe.
Creativity (i.e. "intuition") and comparison (logic, categorization, verbal reasoning and visual reasoning) depend on PFA/PFS and working memory.
https://groups.psych.northwestern.ed...rMarkman97.pdf
"Analogy and similarity are often assumed to be distinct psychological processes. In contrast to this position, the authors suggest that both similarity and analogy involve a process of structural alignment and mapping, that is, that similarity is like analogy. In this article, the authors first describe the structure-mapping process as it has been worked out for analogy. Then, this view is extended to similarity, where it is used to generate new predictions. Finally, the authors explore broader implications of structural alignment for psychological processing."
"Categorization. Structural alignment and mapping can provide insight into other cognitive processes (see Figure 5). As one example, similarity is often given a central role in categorization (Hampton, 1995 ; Rosch, 1975; Smith & Medin, 1981) . It is common to assume that objects can be categorized on the basis of perceptual, behavioral, or functional commonalities with the category representation (e .g ., robins are seen as birds because of their perceptual and behavioral similarity to a prototype bird or to many other birds that have been encountered)."
categorization: we define a similarity between two (or more) patterns through observation
logical reasoning: we relate some patterns and similarities to other patterns and similarities, and define a similarity between two (or more) patterns via argumentation
logical reasoning ... using abstractions and categories ... general <--> general
categorization ... discovering new categories and selecting best match ... particular <--> general
analogy ... particular <--> particular
A = B
B = C
Therefore, A = C
1) Ne: categorization ... A --> the concept of A (i.e. an abstract object in the mind), B --> the concept of B, C --> the concept of C, = --> the concept of =
2) Ti: logical reasoning ... concept <--> concept ... A = B <--> B = C
A, B and C are variables here so they refer to numbers, figures etc (i.e. similar size, quantity or shape).A = B
B = C
Therefore, A = C
1) Ne: categorization ... A --> the concept of A (i.e. an abstract object in the mind), B --> the concept of B, C --> the concept of C, = --> the concept of =
2) Ti: logical reasoning ... concept <--> concept ... A = B <--> B = C
Si recognizes the letters and the equals sign.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_Analysis
If a person has primary PFS then he/she has primary PFA as well.
I am considering this model as well. (extraversion and introversion are omitted here)
ILI 1
PFS and experience, primary functions ... Si is the most conscious function and Se is the least conscious function
Si --- Fe
| .......... |
Se --- Fi
experience, secondary functions ... Se is the most conscious function and Si is the least conscious function
Se --- Fi
| .......... |
Si --- Fe
ILI 2
PFS and experience, primary functions ... Si is the most conscious function and Fe is the least conscious function
Si --- Se
| .......... |
Fe --- Fi
experience, secondary functions ... Fe is the most conscious function and Si is the least conscious function
Fe --- Fi
| .......... |
Si --- Se
ILI 1 is similar to ILI 2 and EIE/IEI, so one could argue that ILI 1 and ILI 2 are different types.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORl8g-q3Eoc
These LIIs are very different from (for example) Paul Allen, David Keirsey Jr and Linus Torvalds.
(Glenn Gould was probably an ILI, though).
EIE 1, IEI 1 ... journalist, marketing manager, politician
PFS and experience, primary functions ... Fe is the most conscious function and Fi is the least conscious function.
Fe --- Si
|........|
Fi --- Se
experience, secondary functions ... Fi is the most conscious function and Fe is the least conscious function.
Fi --- Se
|........|
Fe --- Si
EIE 2, IEI 2 ... counselor, psychologist, teacher, actor
PFS and experience, primary functions ... Fe is the most conscious function and Si is the least conscious function.
Fe --- Fi
|........|
Si --- Se
experience, secondary functions ... Si is the most conscious function and Fe is the least conscious function.
Si --- Se
|........|
Fe --- Fi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex
"Multiple functions have been ascribed to the OFC including mediating context specific responding, encoding contingencies in a flexible manner, encoding value, encoding inferred value, inhibiting responses, learning changes in contingency, emotional appraisal, altering behavior through somatic markers, driving social behavior, and representing state spaces."
"The OFC is considered anatomically synonymous with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventro...frontal_cortex
"It also plays a role in the inhibition of emotional responses, and in the process of decision making and self control. It is also involved in the cognitive evaluation of morality."
"This finding contributes findings suggesting ventromedial prefrontal cortex being associated with preference judgement, possibly assigning the ventromedial prefrontal cortex a key role in constructing one's self. fMRI scans have found that the vmPFC is active when people think about themselves."
OFC combines emotions and facts/interactions which leads to emotional awareness. This is probably Fi or Fi+.
Last edited by Petter; 10-11-2020 at 08:27 AM.
cognitive processes <--> basic emotions
Se (interaction) <--> trust, disgust, anger, fear
Si (identification of objects) <--> interest, distraction/confusion, joy, sadness
-----
"Research has found that eyewitness-identification testimony can be very unreliable."
"Although witnesses can often be very confident that their memory is accurate when identifying a suspect, the malleable nature of human memory and visual perception makes eyewitness testimony one of the most unreliable forms of evidence."
identification of objects <--> trust
Last edited by Petter; 10-16-2020 at 04:53 AM.
Interest motivates him (or her) to examine the object.
Distraction/confusion motivates him to ignore the object.
Trust motivates him to interact with the object.
Disgust motivates him to reject the object.
Joy motivates him to keep the object.
Sadness motivates him to leave the object.
Anger motivates him to move the object.
Fear motivates him to move away from the object.
interest, distraction/confusion: a new/unidentified object
trust, disgust: a reliable/safe object
joy, sadness: a valued object (gain or lose)
anger, fear: an obstacle
cognitive processes <--> basic emotions
Sadness motivates him to leave the object.
If a valued object is lost, then it causes sadness.
Economic Choice as an Untangling of Options into Actions
Seng Bum Michael Yoo and Benjamin Yost Hayden
Recently, Cisek and colleagues proposed that biased competition can serve as a useful explanatory framework for economic choice (Cisek and Kalaska, 2010; Pastor-Bernier and Cisek, 2011; Pezzulo and Cisek, 2016). In classic work on the ventral visual stream, Desimone and colleagues proposed that different objects are processed in parallel and compete for control of responses (Desimone, 1998; Desimone and Duncan, 1995). In their view, top-down attention refers to the process by which internally generated priorities enhance certain representations. These enhancements take place at multiple levels simultaneously and propagate forward, resulting in awareness of the attended option. Cisek and colleagues provide evidence that these principles apply to the choice system as well (Cisek, 2012; Cisek and Pastor-Bernier, 2014). This idea provides additional motivation for the idea that reward processing is analogous to—and may be an extension of—ventral stream processing.
"It is important to differentiate between problem solving, or problem analysis, and decision-making. Problem solving is the process of investigating the given information and finding all possible solutions through invention or discovery. Traditionally, it is argued that problem solving is a step towards decision making, so that the information gathered in that process may be used towards decision-making."
Se is directly related to problem solving and Si is directly related to decision-making.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-pKPqQZIBs
He is either ILI or LIE (in my view). But math is processed by Se (and PFS), so does he really have a leading Si?
If planning is the key difference between ILI and LII (instead of Se/Si), then it is possible that some ILIs have a leading Si and others have a leading Se.
There are probably 32 personality types.
Bill Gates: introverted, a planner/conscientious, primary PFS, a leading Se
Hillary Clinton: introverted, a planner/conscientious, primary PFS, a leading Si
Conor McGregor: extroverted, not a planner/not conscientious, secondary PFS, a leading Se
Donald Trump: extroverted, not a planner/not conscientious, secondary PFS, a leading Si
logical subtypeBill Gates: introverted, a planner/conscientious, primary PFS, a leading Se
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIRYT5qk03U
military personnel: extroverted, planners/conscientious, secondary PFS, a leading Se
http://wikisocion.net/en/index.php?t..._irrationality
Rationals
(Also called shizotymes in early socionics literature)
Tend to plan ahead, make decisions early.
Are more often rigid and stubborn.
Do not like to change their decisions.
Tend to finish what they started.
Usually have stiff movements.
Usually more 'authoritarian' leadership style.
Low stress tolerance.
Irrationals
(Also called cyclotymes in early socionics literature)
Tend to wait and see, more spontaneous.
Are more often flexible and tolerant.
Change their decisions frequently.
Tend to start new things without finishing them.
Usually have gentle movements.
Usually more 'democratic' leadership style.
High stress tolerance.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXJ-zpJeY3E
Terence Tao: introverted, not a planner/not conscientious, primary PFS, a leading Se
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mFM3Q8cWm0
It is very likely that Bill Gates has a leading Se. So he must be an INTP in the Myers-Briggs model and an LII in Socionics. The problem here is that Terence Tao cannot have a leading Ni and "authoritarian leadership style" does not fit him.
This is my current view on Feeling.
Fe = theory of mind
Fi = experiencing mental images and emotions (i.e. emotional awareness, OFC)
Fx = mirror neurons
emotion, social cognition and cognition 2.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social...e_neuroscience
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langua...g_in_the_brain
The auditory ventral/dorsal streams are probably related to Fe and Fi as well.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_process_theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0R12fcTUvs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8NPllzkFhE
Seth Lloyd and Linus Torvalds: introverted, not planners/not conscientious, primary PFS, a leading Se
But they seem quite different. I think Seth is an intuitive subtype (or system 1) and Linus is a logical subtype (or system 2).
A) ... introvert, primary PFS
mathematician: not a planner, leading Se, intuitive
computer/electrical engineer: not a planner, leading Se, logical
? (Tina Fey): not a planner, leading Si, intuitive
computer specialist/gamer: not a planner, leading Si, logical
physicist (Roger Penrose, Max Tegmark): a planner, leading Se, intuitive
programmer (Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg): a planner, leading Se, logical
chess player/politician: a planner, leading Si, intuitive
lawyer: a planner, leading Si, logical
I now think causal reasoning is processed by VLPFC and DLPFC, so "the physicist" can have a leading Se.
physicist (Roger Penrose, Max Tegmark): a planner, leading Se, intuitive
Why is "the physicist" a planner? Because physics requires a lot of scenario thinking, sequential reasoning and decision-making (which are processed by BA 10).
This is probably Viktor Gulenko's type.
? (Tina Fey): not a planner, leading Si, intuitive
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIRYT5qk03U
military personnel: extroverted, planners/conscientious, secondary PFS, a leading Se
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=binIHBHrBcU (Tim Peake on How to Become an Astronaut | This Morning)
I think most pilots are this type. Sequential reasoning, decision-making and conscientiousness are essential for pilots.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3572161/
"Our findings provide a novel strong evidence for a specific involvement of right frontopolar cortex in visual-spatial prospective memory. In the context of previous data providing evidence for left BA 10 involvement in verbal prospective memory, our results also suggest material-specific lateralization of prospective memory processes in BA 10."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6uwTrWsOe0 (Faculty of Science Utrecht University ... Master's in Experimental Physics)A) ... introvert, primary PFS
lawyer: a planner, leading Si, logical
Most experimental physicists are probably this type.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhnSzwXvGfc (CNBC Make It ... Bill Gates Wasn't Worried About Burnout In 1984 – Here's Why)
Michael Penn and Mark Zuckerberg are quite similar, and Bill Gates is/was perhaps more entrepreneurial-minded than data-driven, so it is possible that "the programmer" and "the (theoretical) physicist" are the same type.
Then "the experimental physicist" could have a leading Se.
Linus Torvalds is most likely this type.A) ... introvert, primary PFS
computer/electrical engineer: not a planner, leading Se, logical
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpXF...audzVY&index=4 (The 8-Bit Guy ... Commodore History Part 3 - The Commodore 64 (complete))A) ... introvert, primary PFS
computer specialist/gamer: not a planner, leading Si, logical
The 8-Bit Guy is this type.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiJxycvvy1c (UKY Engineering ... Electrical & Computer Engineering - University of Kentucky)
"the computer engineer"
https://sites.oxy.edu/linden/cogsci3...sequential.htm
Temporal-sequential ordering (BA 10) is related to causal reasoning.
This is why "the physicist" is a planner.https://sites.oxy.edu/linden/cogsci3...sequential.htm
Temporal-sequential ordering (BA 10) is related to causal reasoning.
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