7. current strategy vs. alternative strategies ... medial frontopolar cortex vs. lateral frontopolar cortex ... anti-Ne vs. Ne7. a planner/goal-oriented vs. easy-going/spontaneous ... or decision-making/planning vs. problem-solving (anterior PFC (FN/BA10) vs. posterior PFC)
1. perfectionism vs. tolerates disorder ... or single-tasking vs. multitasking (serotonin sensitivity?)medial frontopolar cortex ---> perfectionism and single-taskinglateral, left: many strategies (or goals/objects) ... He zooms in on one strategy and ignores the others. (he makes a decision)
medial, left: one strategy ... He zooms in on the details and criticizes the strategy.
lateral, right: many strategies ... He zooms out and sees all the alternative strategies.
medial, right: one strategy ... He keeps one strategy and occasionally compares it to other strategies. (this is also critique)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6948820/
Habits are automated behaviors that are insensitive to changes in behavioral outcomes. Habitual responding is thought to be mediated by the striatum, with medial striatum guiding goal-directed action and lateral striatum promoting habits.openness to change vs. habitual behavior <--> goals vs. immediate sensory needs ... SN (+ DMN/dmPFC) vs. "sensory SN"Organisms must optimize behavioral strategies in order to be successful in their environments. However, various strategies exist for this purpose; optimization can be rapid and strongly dependent on outcomes or slow and resistant to change. Behaviors have therefore been divided into two main categories: goal-oriented and habitual behaviors. Goal-directed, or action-outcome behaviors, are sensitive to the relationship between action and outcome and are thus highly flexible. In contrast, habitual, or stimulus-response strategies, are insensitive to changes in action-outcome relationships and lead to the continued use of behaviors that do not necessarily result in positive outcomes. While habitual strategies are evolutionarily advantageous by improving cognitive efficiency, maladaptive habit formation underlies pathological states including Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, drug addiction, and Tourette’s Syndrome. These disorders are characterized by compulsive and maladaptive behaviors with common neuroanatomical alterations.
dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (BA24 and BA32 ... SN): the prelimbic cortex and the infralimbic cortexhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles...019.00028/full
The striatum receives inputs from multiple cortical regions (Webster, 1961; Beckstead, 1979; Hintiryan et al., 2016; Hunnicutt et al., 2016), and prefrontal inputs to the striatum have been shown to play significant roles in both goal-directed, as well as habitual behavior (Gourley and Taylor, 2016; Smith and Laiks, 2017; Amaya and Smith, 2018). The major frontal structures that have been implicated in instrumental and automatic behaviors are the prelimbic cortex (PL) and infralimbic cortex (IL) Amaya and Smith, 2018 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as well as the OFC located in the ventral part of the PFC.
Interestingly, the two substructures of the mPFC, the IL and PL, seem to play opposing roles in balancing between goal and habit, with the IL supporting habitual behavior, and the PL supporting goal-directed behavior (Smith and Laiks, 2017; Amaya and Smith, 2018).
mirror network B: social interaction (the external world) and empathy (DMN, the internal world)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism
Neurotic extraverts, for example, would experience high levels of both positive and negative emotional states, a kind of "emotional roller coaster".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_E...of_personality
Eysenck's model attempted to provide detailed theory of the causes of personality. For example, Eysenck proposed that extraversion was caused by variability in cortical arousal: "introverts are characterized by higher levels of activity than extraverts and so are chronically more cortically aroused than extraverts". Similarly, Eysenck proposed that location within the neuroticism dimension was determined by individual differences in the limbic system. While it seems counterintuitive to suppose that introverts are more aroused than extraverts, the putative effect this has on behaviour is such that the introvert seeks lower levels of stimulation. Conversely, the extravert seeks to heighten his or her arousal to a more favourable level (as predicted by the Yerkes-Dodson Law) by increased activity, social engagement and other stimulation-seeking behaviours.
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(expressive/quick decisions vs. inexpressive)
the frontoparietal network (FPN) = the central executive network (CEN)
1. people-oriented vs. task-oriented (DMN vs. FPN) ... This is the main dichotomy. DMN ---> CON and mirror network B ... FPN ---> DAN/VAN and mirror network A
2. the external world vs. the internal world (DAN/VAN, mirror networks, the premotor cortex vs. the precuneus (and the temporal lobe, hippocampus etc)) ... practical vs. theoretical/fact-based
3. expressive/quick decisions vs. inexpressive (dopamine sensitivity ... or SNS vs PSNS ... or ant. vs. post. brain ... or short-term memory (in-the-moment processing) vs. long-term memory) ... SEE vs ESI ... 16PF: Liveliness, F
4. the dorsal stream vs. the ventral stream ... mathematics vs. physics ... structure vs. cause and effect ... "how"/"where" vs. "what" ... DAN/mirror network A vs. VAN ... mirror network B vs. CON
5. the left hemisphere vs. the right hemisphere ... detail-oriented vs. big picture ... analysis vs. synthesis ... fine motor skills vs. gross motor skills
6. defend vs. care ... or competitive vs. cooperative (vasopressin vs. oxytocin)
7. fearless vs. fearful (serotonin sensitivity ... neuroticism)
8. abstract vs. concrete ... episodic simulation vs. episodic memory (PFC: high activity vs. low activity ... or anterior PFC (not BA10) vs. posterior PFC)
9. current strategy vs. alternative strategies ... medial frontopolar cortex vs. lateral frontopolar cortex ... perfectionism vs. tolerates disorder ... single-tasking vs. multitasking ... anti-Ne vs. Ne
10. goals vs. immediate sensory needs ... SN (+ DMN/dmPFC) vs. "sensory SN" ... "select which stimuli are deserving of our attention", memory retrieval ... Ne/Te vs. Si
(10. openness to change vs. habitual behavior (mPFC vs. the striatum ... or the prelimbic cortex (PL) vs. the infralimbic cortex (IL) ... or medial striatum vs. lateral striatum))
LN = the limbic networkCON
LN: appraisal of subjective value
large-scale brain networks 7.jpg
If a person focuses on (long-term) goals, then immediate sensory needs are automatized (i.e. habitual behavior), and vice versa.goals vs. immediate sensory needs ... SN (+ DMN/dmPFC) vs. "sensory SN" ... Ne/Te vs. Si
openness to change vs. habitual behavior (mPFC vs. the striatum ... or the prelimbic cortex (PL) vs. the infralimbic cortex (IL) ... or medial striatum vs. lateral striatum))
I skip this dichotomy.(10. openness to change vs. habitual behavior (mPFC vs. the striatum ... or the prelimbic cortex (PL) vs. the infralimbic cortex (IL) ... or medial striatum vs. lateral striatum))
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics...gy/neuroticism
Neuroticism has stronger, clearer, and broader associations with psychopathology than any other personality trait (Clark and Watson 1999, Mineka et al. 1998, Widiger et al. 1999). Elevated neuroticism has been linked to a wide array of clinical syndromes, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, somatoform disorders, eating disorders, personality and conduct disorders, and schizophrenia. Indeed, it is increasingly apparent that most psychological disorders are associated with elevated scores on this dimension. The breadth of these links is unsurprising, given that emotional distress is one of the defining criteria of both neuroticism and psychological disorder. Neuroticism is particularly strongly related to clinical syndromes that contain a prominent component of subjective distress. For instance, the trait has extremely strong associations with major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and borderline personality disorder. These links are so strong, in fact, that syndromes such as generalized anxiety disorder and borderline personality disorder essentially may represent extremely high levels of neuroticism (Clark and Watson 1999, Widiger et al. 1999). In support of this argument, recent twin study evidence strongly suggests that neuroticism, generalized anxiety disorder, and major depression are genetically indistinguishable; in other words, they can all be traced to a single genetic diathesis that apparently reflects an underlying vulnerability to subjective distress and negative emotionality (Mineka et al. 1998).
In contrast, neuroticism is more weakly related to disorders that are not centered on the experience of emotional distress. For instance, individuals with specific phobias (e.g., fear of spiders or other small animals) show only modest elevations on the trait (Mineka et al. 1998).
I skip this dichotomy as well.7. fearless vs. fearful (serotonin sensitivity ... neuroticism)
https://acs.ist.psu.edu/misc/dirk-fi...%20emotion.pdf
Recognition of emotion draws on a distributed set of structures that include the occipitotemporal neocortex, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex and right frontoparietal cortices. Recognition of fear may draw especially on the amygdala and the detection of disgust may rely on the insula and basal ganglia. Two important mechanisms for recognition of emotions are the construction of a simulation of the observed emotion in the perceiver, and the modulation of sensory cortices via top-down influences.
[...]
Regions of the occipital and posterior temporal visual cortices play a critical role in perceptual processing of socially and emotionally relevant visual stimuli. Singleunit studies in monkeys, intracranial field potential studies in neurosurgical human patients and functional imaging studies, have all provided evidence that cortical areas in the lateral parts of the inferior occipital gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus are disproportionately important in face processing.
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(LN, the ventral stream)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_synthesis
Prefrontal synthesis (PFS, also known as mental synthesis) is the conscious purposeful process of synthesizing novel mental images. PFS is neurologically different from the other types of imagination, such as simple memory recall and dreaming. Unlike dreaming, which is spontaneous and not controlled by the prefrontal cortex (PFC), PFS is controlled by and completely dependent on the intact lateral prefrontal cortex. Unlike simple memory recall that involves activation of a single neuronal ensemble (NE) encoded at some point in the past, PFS involves active combination of two or more object-encoding neuronal ensembles (objectNE). The mechanism of PFS is hypothesized to involve synchronization of several independent objectNEs. When objectNEs fire out-of-sync, the objects are perceived one at a time. However, once those objectNEs are time-shifted by the lateral PFC to fire in-phase with each other, they are consciously experienced as one unified object or scene.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsol...frontal_cortex
DLPFC is not required for the memory of a single item. Thus, damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex does not impair recognition memory. Nevertheless, if two items must be compared from memory, the involvement of DLPFC is required. People with damaged DLPFC are not able to identify a picture they had seen, after some time, when given the opportunity to choose from two pictures. Moreover, these subjects also failed in Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test as they lose track of the currently correct rule and persistently organize their cards in the previously correct rule.
This will be split into two dichotomies (Ti vs. Se/Si ... and Ni vs. Si).7. abstract vs. concrete ... episodic simulation vs. episodic memory (PFC: high activity vs. low activity ... or anterior PFC (not BA10) vs. posterior PFC) ... Ni/Ti vs. Si
BA9 <--> working memory, logical reasoning
BA46 <--> imagination
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nardi 3.jpg
Dario Nardi:
F7 "Imaginative Mimic" Infer based on context, Imagine another place or time, Mirror others' behavior, Ask "maybe" and "what if", Mentally play out a situation. - Home of the "mirror neurons." Works as a kind of mental holodeck, where we play out scenarios in an imaginative context.
F8 "Grounded Believer" Recall exact, literal details , Say a word or phrase with strong emphasis, Identity what we believe, Rate how much we like or dislike something, Ignore context. - Gets active when you say what's important to you in life. Helps guide our speech and recall detail about the things we consider important. Ignores context, so provides cross-contextual beliefs and details.
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I think both F7 (left) and F8 (right) are "Imaginative Mimics".
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https://i.imgur.com/GaM5ltO.jpg (NiTe)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics...pars-orbitalis
The IFG neural circuitry includes functional connections within and between the three major IFG subgyri: the pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, and pars opercularis (Greenlee et al., 2007; Fig. 10.7). These different subregions of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) participate in distinct cortical networks (Barredo et al., 2016). IFG subnetworks support separable cognitive functions: anterior VLPFC (IFG pars orbitalis) functionally correlates with a ventral frontotemporal network associated with top-down influences on memory retrieval, while mid-VLPFC (IFG pars triangularis) functionally correlates with a dorsal frontoparietal network associated with postretrieval control processes. Barredo et al. (2016) demonstrated a functional ventral-dorsal division within IFG. Ventral IFG as a whole connects broadly to lateral temporal cortex. Although several different individual white matter tracts form connections between ventral IFG and lateral temporal cortex, functional connectivity analysis of fMRI data indicates that these are part of the same ventral functional network. By contrast, across subdivisions, dorsal IFG was connected with the midfrontal gyrus and correlated as a separate dorsal functional network.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21749923/
These findings are largely consistent with the dual-process theory of reasoning, which proposes the existence of two different human reasoning systems: a belief-based heuristic system; and a logic-based analytic system. The present findings suggest that the left language-related IFG (BA 45) may correspond to the heuristic system, while bilateral SPL may underlie the analytic system. The right IFG may play a role in blocking the belief-based heuristic system for solving incongruent reasoning trials. This study could offer an insight about functional roles of distributed brain systems in human deductive reasoning by utilizing the rTMS approach.
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VLPFC <--> a belief-based heuristic system
General knowledge AI bot:
Imagination can involve abstract thinking, as it often involves creating mental images or concepts that are not present in the physical world. It allows us to visualize and consider possibilities that may not currently exist. Imagination plays a crucial role in creativity, problem-solving, and innovation, as it enables us to explore new ideas and perspectives.
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logical reasoning + imagination = abstract thinking
1. people-oriented vs. task-oriented (DMN vs. FPN) ... This is the main dichotomy. DMN ---> LN and mirror network B ... FPN ---> DAN/VAN and mirror network A
2. the external world vs. the internal world (DAN/VAN, mirror networks, the premotor cortex vs. the precuneus (and the temporal lobe, hippocampus etc)) ... practical vs. theoretical/fact-based ... Se vs. Ni/Si
3. expressive/quick decisions vs. inexpressive (dopamine sensitivity ... or SNS vs PSNS ... or ant. vs. post. brain ... or short-term memory (in-the-moment processing) vs. long-term memory) ... SEE vs ESI ... 16PF: Liveliness, F
4. the dorsal stream vs. the ventral stream ... mathematics vs. physics ... structure vs. cause and effect ... "how"/"where" vs. "what" ... DAN/mirror network A vs. VAN ... mirror network B vs. LN ... Fi vs. Fe
5. the left hemisphere vs. the right hemisphere ... detail-oriented vs. big picture ... analysis vs. synthesis ... fine motor skills vs. gross motor skills
6. defend vs. care ... or competitive vs. cooperative (vasopressin vs. oxytocin)
7. logical reasoning vs. reliance on authority (lateral PFC: high activity vs. low activity) ... working memory ... Ti vs. Si
8. imagination/prefrontal synthesis vs. memory recall (lateral PFC: high activity vs. low activity) ... DMN: episodic simulation vs. episodic memory ... Ni vs. Si
9. current strategy vs. alternative strategies ... medial frontopolar cortex vs. lateral frontopolar cortex ... perfectionism vs. tolerates disorder ... single-tasking vs. multitasking ... anti-Ne vs. Ne
10. goals vs. immediate sensory needs ... SN (+ DMN/dmPFC) vs. "sensory SN" ... Ne/Te vs. Si
estj 2.jpg
enfp 2.jpg
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It is clear that a TeSi type has an active PFC, and an NeFi type has an active SN (and dmPFC).
https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/skxwc
Neuroscience of Imagination and Implications for Human Evolution ... Andrey Vyshedskiy
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30468777/
The mentalizing system and mirror system are thought to play important roles in inferring the internal mental states of others - a process known as mentalizing.
[...]
Higher activity during the mentalizing blocks compared to non-mentalizing blocks was found in regions associated with the mentalizing system: the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), as well as in regions typically associated with the mirror system: the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the inferior parietal lobe (IPL).
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DMN 1.png
(Fi+ and Ni-)
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn.2017.111
Considering all these animal experiments, we conclude that a key specialization of primate frontopolar cortex is in managing competing goals, in part by keeping track of the importance of current and alternative goals, and therefore enabling switching away from ongoing behaviour.
EII (primary set of functions): Ni Fi Ne
IEI (primary set of functions): Ni Fi Ne* Fe ..... or Ni Fi Ne Fe (see attached brain map)
Ne* = anti-Ne
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https://i.imgur.com/5QGGkaG.jpg (IEI)
Ni = episodic simulation and episodic memory
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/...1111/joa.13642
BA24 (ventral ACC) <--> von Economo neurons
https://i.imgur.com/NFhw7ud.jpg
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SN, dACC <--> "select which stimuli are deserving of our attention" and "recruiting relevant functional networks" (e.g. hippocampus, memory retrieval)
Ne
1. (right) lateral frontopolar cortex
2. (right) dlPFC: prefrontal synthesis ... and/or analogy (incl. memory retrieval) ... structure (not pattern)
3. both
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https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/15/3/239/375113
Analogical reasoning, or the ability to find correspondences between the structures of distinct mental representations (Gentner, 1983; Hummel and Holyoak, 1997), is central to our ability for learning and abstract thought (e.g. Holyoak and Thagard, 1995).
[...]
Theorists have built computational models in an effort to understand the cognitive processes underlying the representation of and reasoning about complex relational structures (Gentner, 1989, Hummel and Holyoak, 1997). These putative processes include both the retrieval of associations from long-term memory and integration (referred to as ‘mapping’ or ‘transfer’) across sets of representations (Hummel and Holyoak, 1997). Note that ‘integration’ here does not refer to the binding of different features of a single stimulus, as in Prabhakaran et al. (2000). For example, in Jani and Levine's (2000) proposed neural network model of reasoning about propositional analogies (e.g. ‘BRAIN is to THOUGHT as STOMACH is to ?’), reasoning was hypothesized to initially require the retrieval and maintenance of the relation between the first pair of words and, subsequently, the transfer of this relation to the third word.
[...]
A mapwise comparison of unrelated-analogy versus related-analogy trials revealed activation in two a priori predicted regions: right DLPFC (middle frontal gyrus; ∼BA 9) and aLIPC (∼BA 47; Table 1).
[...]
In the present study, left FPC was engaged by the need to integrate across two semantic relations. Unlike aLIPC, however, FPC was insensitive to the associative strength manipulation, suggesting that this region is not important for semantic retrieval per se. This finding is consistent with our prior suggestion that FPC is involved in the subsequent processing of information retrieved from long-term stores via ventrolateral PFC retrieval mechanisms (Bunge et al., 2004). Taken together with the finding that FPC is sensitive to the number of visuospatial relations that must be considered simultaneously (Wharton et al., 2000; Christoff et al., 2001; Kroger et al., 2002), the present results suggest that FPC plays a domain-general role in integrating across multiple relations in the service of analogical reasoning.
previously in this thread:
Se, Ne, Ti, Fi <--> the dorsal stream
Si, Ni, Te, Fe <--> the ventral stream
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The problem here is that Se in the left hemisphere deals with details and fine motor skills, which do not correspond with SLE (SeTi).
https://i.imgur.com/mG8lA78.gif (Lenore Thomson Bentz)
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Episodic future thinking (Ni) is processed in the right hemisphere (T6), so this does not work either.
Se, Ne, Ni, Fi <--> the right hemisphere
Si, Te, Ti, Fe <--> the left hemisphere
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This is probably the best option.
Se, Ne, Ni, Fi <--> Sr, Nrd, Nrv, Fr
Si, Te, Ti, Fe <--> Sl, Tlv, Tld, Fl
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SLE: Sr, Tld > Nrd, Fr
SLI: Sl, Tlv > Nrv, Fl
Dr. Jeff Anderson, director of the fMRI Neurosurgical Mapping Service at the University of Utah:
"It is not the case that the left hemisphere is associated with logic or reasoning more than the right" ... "Also, creativity is no more processed in the right hemisphere than the left."
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16 functions:
Srd, Srv, Sld, Slv, Nrd, Nrv, Nld, Nlv
Trd, Trv, Tld, Tlv, Frd, Frv, Fld, Flv
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Srd is blocked with Trd or Frd.
E = expressive/quick decisions ... anterior brain > posterior brain
I = inexpressive ... posterior brain > anterior brain
E + Srd, Frd: a dancer
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