imaginative vs. conventionalabstract vs. concrete (12)
imaginative vs. conventionalabstract vs. concrete (12)
Last edited by Petter; 12-17-2023 at 10:52 AM.
https://oxfordre.com/neuroscience/di...190264086-e-10 (The Role of Oxytocin and Vasopressin in the Neural Regulation of Social Behavior ... Heather K. Caldwell)
Oxytocin and vasopressin help to modulate behaviors that bring animals together (i.e., cooperative behaviors) as well as behaviors that keep animals apart (i.e., competitive behaviors), with the modulatory effects often being species-, sex-, and context-dependent.
competitive vs. cooperativedefend vs. care (9)
the dorsal stream vs. the ventral stream + people-oriented = social interaction vs. affective evaluation
"how"/"where" vs. "what"the dorsal stream vs. the ventral stream (4)
https://spikesandbursts.wordpress.co...rontal-cortex/
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/...fig6_237085109
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infralimbic_cortex
The infralimbic cortex (IL) is a cortical region in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex which is important in tonic inhibition of subcortical structures and emotional responses, such as fear.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_25
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_32
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Economo_neuron
Von Economo neurons are found in two very restricted regions in the brains of hominids (humans and other great apes): the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the fronto-insular cortex (FI) (which each make up the salience network). In 2008, they were also found in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of humans.
Von Economo neurons are relatively large cells that may allow rapid communication across the relatively large brains of great apes, elephants, and cetaceans.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16002323/
Intuition and autism: a possible role for Von Economo neurons
Von Economo neurons (VENs) are a recently evolved cell type which may be involved in the fast intuitive assessment of complex situations. As such, they could be part of the circuitry supporting human social networks. We propose that the VENs relay an output of fronto-insular and anterior cingulate cortex to the parts of frontal and temporal cortex associated with theory-of-mind, where fast intuitions are melded with slower, deliberative judgments. The VENs emerge mainly after birth and increase in number until age 4 yrs. We propose that in autism spectrum disorders the VENs fail to develop normally, and that this failure might be partially responsible for the associated social disabilities that result from faulty intuition.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3953677/
Our results (Cauda et al., 2013) also show that functional connectivity between areas with a high density of VENs is not limited to the “saliency-detection” system, but involves other areas of the frontoparietal control network. Recently, Sridharan et al. (2008) demonstrated that the activity of the right AI precedes and causally influences the activity of other areas that belong to saliency and control networks, determining the subsequent state of these two anti-correlated systems. A new theory proposed by Mesmoudi et al. (2013) and based upon some recent functional parcellation papers (Doucet et al., 2011; Cauda et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2012; to cite some), suggest a “dual intertwined rings” architecture of the brain. In this view the resting state brain networks are organized in two families. One with input–output sensorimotor family that includes visual, somatic, and auditory areas and one elaborative and *association group that involve default mode, attentional and SNs. Our data on functional connectivity of VEN-rich areas suggest that these areas participate to the second “associative” network.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salience_network
The cingulo-opercular network (CO) has generally been equated with the salience network, but it may represent a distinct but adjacent network or a part of the SN. The CO may involve more dorsal areas, *while the SN involves more ventral and rostral areas of the anterior insula and medial frontal cortex containing von Economo neurons. The CO is sometimes also referred to as the cingulo-insular network.
The ventral attention network (VAN), also known as the ventral frontoparietal network (VFN) or ventral attention system (VAS), has also been equated with the SN. The VAN is commonly defined as a right-hemisphere-dominant network involving the temporoparietal junction and the ventral frontal cortex that responds to unexpected salient stimuli. Some have defined it as a larger, bilateral network that is a combination of the SN and CO, while others have described it as a part of the salience network involving the more dorsal anterior insular cortex.
In 2019, Uddin et al. proposed that midcingulo-insular network (M-CIN) be used as a standard anatomical name for the network that includes the SN, CO, and VAN.
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* <--> intuition
Last edited by Petter; 12-20-2023 at 07:24 AM.
abstract (PFC is very active) + the right hemisphere = imaginative
critical thinking/unreliability of authority vs. reliability of authorityabstract vs. concrete (12)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy
However, a 2014 review from Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews reported that there is evidence that "sex differences in empathy have phylogenetic and ontogenetic roots in biology and are not merely cultural byproducts driven by socialization." The review found sex differences in empathy from birth, growing larger with age, and consistent and stable across lifespan. Females, on average, had higher empathy than males, while children with higher empathy, regardless of gender, continue to be higher in empathy throughout development. Analysis of brain event-related potentials found that females who saw human suffering tended to have higher ERP waveforms than males. An investigation of N400 amplitudes found, on average, higher N400 in females in response to social situations, which positively correlated with self-reported empathy. Structural fMRI studies also found females to have larger grey matter volumes in posterior inferior frontal and anterior inferior parietal cortex areas which are correlated with mirror neurons in fMRI literature. Females also tended to have a stronger link between emotional and cognitive empathy. The researchers believe that the stability of these sex differences in development are unlikely to be explained by environmental influences but rather by human evolution and inheritance. Throughout prehistory, women were the primary nurturers and caretakers of children; so this might have led to an evolved neurological adaptation for women to be more aware and responsive to non-verbal expressions. According to the "Primary Caretaker Hypothesis", prehistoric men did not have such selective pressure as primary caretakers. This might explain modern day sex differences in emotion recognition and empathy.
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empathetic vs. insensitive ... this could be another dichotomy
people-oriented <--> both mirror neuron systems (A and B)https://www.researchgate.net/publica...tanding_Action
"Mirror neurons are a specific class of neurons that respond when an individual performs a given action and when s/he observes a similar action performed by others. There is now a general consensus that there are at least two mirror neuron systems, one located on the lateral convexity on the brain, the other in the insula and in the cingulate cortex. The first translates observed actions devoid of any emotional content into the corresponding motor representations, while the second converts emotional behaviours into the corresponding viscero-motor responses (Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia 2008a)."
people-oriented vs. task-oriented (2)
the external world vs. the internal world ... blue-collar jobs vs. white-collar jobs (3)
the dorsal stream vs. the ventral stream ... mathematics vs. physics ... structure vs. cause and effect ... "how"/"where" vs. "what" (4)
the left hemisphere vs. the right hemisphere ... discrete mathematics vs. continuous mathematics ... verbal thinking vs. visual thinking ... detail-oriented vs. big picture ... analysis vs. synthesis (5)
expressive vs. inexpressive ... quick decision-making vs. careful decision-making (1 and 6)
a planner/goal-oriented vs. easy-going (7)
openness to change vs. habitual behavior ... flexible/intuitive vs. attached to the familiar (8 and 13)
defend vs. care ... competitive vs. cooperative (9)
abstract vs. concrete ... critical thinking/unreliability of authority vs. reliability of authority (12)
neuroticism ... or empathetic vs. insensitive (10 or 14)
practical vs. theoretical/fact-basedthe external world vs. the internal world ... blue-collar jobs vs. white-collar jobs (3)
Organisms must optimize behavioral strategies in order to be successful in their environments. However, various strategies exist for this purpose; optimization can be rapid and strongly dependent on outcomes or slow and resistant to change. Behaviors have therefore been divided into two main categories: goal-oriented and habitual behaviors. Goal-directed, or action-outcome behaviors, are sensitive to the relationship between action and outcome and are thus highly flexible. In contrast, habitual, or stimulus-response strategies, are insensitive to changes in action-outcome relationships and lead to the continued use of behaviors that do not necessarily result in positive outcomes. While habitual strategies are evolutionarily advantageous by improving cognitive efficiency, maladaptive habit formation underlies pathological states including Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, drug addiction, and Tourette’s Syndrome. These disorders are characterized by compulsive and maladaptive behaviors with common neuroanatomical alterations.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6948820/
Habits are automated behaviors that are insensitive to changes in behavioral outcomes. Habitual responding is thought to be mediated by the striatum, with medial striatum guiding goal-directed action and lateral striatum promoting habits.
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openness to change vs. habitual behavior (8)
flexible/intuitive vs. attached to the familiar/sensory (13)https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3953677/
Our results (Cauda et al., 2013) also show that functional connectivity between areas with a high density of VENs is not limited to the “saliency-detection” system, but involves other areas of the frontoparietal control network. Recently, Sridharan et al. (2008) demonstrated that the activity of the right AI precedes and causally influences the activity of other areas that belong to saliency and control networks, determining the subsequent state of these two anti-correlated systems. A new theory proposed by Mesmoudi et al. (2013) and based upon some recent functional parcellation papers (Doucet et al., 2011; Cauda et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2012; to cite some), suggest a “dual intertwined rings” architecture of the brain. In this view the resting state brain networks are organized in two families. One with input–output sensorimotor family that includes visual, somatic, and auditory areas and one elaborative and association group that involve default mode, attentional and SNs. Our data on functional connectivity of VEN-rich areas suggest that these areas participate to the second “associative” network.
a philosopher: critical thinking (high), intuition (high)
a mechanical engineer: critical thinking (high), intuition (low)
an athlete: critical thinking (low), intuition (low)
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NT vs. ST is not enough
Please don’t tell me this guy is IEI Alive, boxes, terrifyingly technical and categorical schematics outlines to the uttermost fringes of human reason… no, this guy is an Intp.
BunnyRaptor won Euro 2000 with the Prophecy that Rare Wartortle Wisdom turns a foolish Meganium into a wise Lugia, same with Lakers 2001, and 2002 was the 2014 World Cup prophecy, sparked by Mavericks 2011 to 2024. 2016 Rhydon was proven when Liverpool 2022 evolved into Blastoise at the pinnacle of 493 Arceus wisdom with 2001 Liberty and Iverson as Liverpool, thereby redeeming World Cup 2006, especially with Messi transcending Mbappe apple Isaac Newton George Lucas like Leonardo over Zidane Zapdos Zarathustra Nikola Tesla, hearts threading misty colosseums to undertow Force and lightsabers juggling quizzical staircases edging magic and flurries of legends polarizing 6 Flags Bunny*!!
https://www.the16types.info/vbulleti...k-2024-edition
This could also be a dichotomy.self vs. others <--> NEO PI-R's Self-consciousness
(affective evaluation ... CON)
The mind, infinite, expansive, voluminous in view, shining gazes of the within flow to design and harness alien energies… this thread is what imagination and expressions of feelings really mean… to penetrate further, higher, and more incredulously than the stars might deem…
BunnyRaptor won Euro 2000 with the Prophecy that Rare Wartortle Wisdom turns a foolish Meganium into a wise Lugia, same with Lakers 2001, and 2002 was the 2014 World Cup prophecy, sparked by Mavericks 2011 to 2024. 2016 Rhydon was proven when Liverpool 2022 evolved into Blastoise at the pinnacle of 493 Arceus wisdom with 2001 Liberty and Iverson as Liverpool, thereby redeeming World Cup 2006, especially with Messi transcending Mbappe apple Isaac Newton George Lucas like Leonardo over Zidane Zapdos Zarathustra Nikola Tesla, hearts threading misty colosseums to undertow Force and lightsabers juggling quizzical staircases edging magic and flurries of legends polarizing 6 Flags Bunny*!!
https://www.the16types.info/vbulleti...k-2024-edition
11. empathetic vs. insensitive ... and social interaction: high activity vs. low activity (mirror network B) ... "Fi+" and "Fi-"11. affective evaluation vs. mental state attribution and self-regulation (CON vs. DMN) ... the dorsal stream vs. the ventral stream + people-oriented = social interaction vs. affective evaluation
14. visuospatial attention vs. "external logic" (DAN vs. DAN+FPN) ... "Se-" vs. "Ti+"
mirror network A: "translates observed actions devoid of any emotional content into motor representations" (2)
2. people-oriented vs. task-oriented (CON vs. FPN ... DMN vs. FPN ... mirror network A vs. mirror network A + FPN)
Here is a simplified version with 512 types (2^9).
* people-oriented vs. task-oriented (CON vs. FPN ... DMN vs. FPN ... mirror network A vs. mirror network A + FPN)
* the external world vs. the internal world (DAN/VAN vs. the precuneus ... mirror network B: ext. vs. int./dmPFC and the precuneus ... CON/OFC (external) vs. CON/vmPFC (internal)) ... practical vs. theoretical/fact-based
* the dorsal stream vs. the ventral stream ... mathematics vs. physics ... structure vs. cause and effect ... "how"/"where" vs. "what"
* expressive/quick decisions vs. inexpressive (dopamine sensitivity ... the sympathetic nervous system vs. the parasympathetic nervous system ... 16PF: Liveliness, F)
* a planner/goal-oriented vs. easy-going/spontaneous (FN: high activity vs. low activity)
* defend vs. care ... or competitive vs. cooperative (vasopressin vs. oxytocin)
* empathetic vs. insensitive ... and social interaction: high activity vs. low activity (mirror network B) ... "Fi+" and "Fi-"
* abstract vs. concrete ... critical thinking/unreliability of authority vs. reliability of authority ... episodic simulation vs. episodic memory (PFC: high activity vs. low activity) ... cognitive control, attention, working memory
* many connections between dmPFC and the rest of the brain (intuition or thinking outside the box) vs. few connections between dmPFC and the rest of the brain ... or the salience network (SN) + DMN ... memory retrieval
a police officer: people-oriented, the external world, the dorsal stream, expressive/quick decisions, a planner/goal-oriented, defend, insensitive, concrete, intuition (low activity)
a nurse or a social worker: people-oriented, the external world, the dorsal stream, inexpressive, a planner/goal-oriented, care, empathetic, concrete, intuition (low activity)
a physicist: task-oriented, the internal world, the ventral stream, inexpressive, a planner/goal-oriented, defend, insensitive, abstract, intuition (high activity)
a physician: task-oriented, the internal world, the ventral stream, inexpressive, a planner/goal-oriented, care, empathetic, abstract, intuition (low activity)
a psychologist: people-oriented, the internal world, the ventral stream, inexpressive, a planner/goal-oriented or easy-going/spontaneous, care, empathetic, abstract, intuition (high activity)
an artisan (decorative art): task-oriented, the external world, the dorsal stream, expressive/quick decisions or inexpressive, easy-going/spontaneous, care, empathetic, concrete, intuition (low activity)
a mechanic: task-oriented, the external world, the dorsal stream, inexpressive, a planner/goal-oriented, defend, insensitive, concrete, intuition (low activity)
a mechanical engineer: task-oriented, the internal world, the dorsal stream, expressive/quick decisions, a planner/goal-oriented, defend, insensitive, abstract, intuition (low activity)
a political advisor or a strategist (my type): people-oriented, the internal world, the ventral stream, inexpressive, a planner/goal-oriented, defend, empathetic, abstract, intuition (high activity)
a biomedical scientist: task-oriented, the internal world, the ventral stream, inexpressive, a planner/goal-oriented, care, empathetic, abstract, intuition (low activity)
2. people-oriented vs. task-oriented (DMN, CON and mirror network B vs. FPN, DAN/VAN and mirror network A)2. people-oriented vs. task-oriented (CON vs. FPN ... DMN vs. FPN ... mirror network A vs. mirror network A + FPN)
Here is a different approach.
people vs. task ... DMN vs. CEN (or FPN) ... This is the main dichotomy.
5 and 1
4 and 2
3 and 3
2 and 4
1 and 5
SN (+ DMN) vs. "sensory SN" ... Ne vs. Si
5 and 1
4 and 2
3 and 3
2 and 4
1 and 5
the external world vs. the internal world ... CON ext./DAN/VAN vs. CON int./the precuneus
5 and 1
4 and 2
3 and 3
2 and 4
1 and 5
DAN/VAN vs. CON ... or mirror network A vs. mirror network B
5 and 1
4 and 2
3 and 3
2 and 4
1 and 5
DAN vs. VAN ... or mirror network B vs. CON
5 and 1
4 and 2
3 and 3
2 and 4
1 and 5
the left hemisphere vs. the right hemisphere ... process information vs. interpret information ... detail-oriented vs. big picture
5 and 1
4 and 2
3 and 3
2 and 4
1 and 5
anterior vs. posterior ... abstract vs. concrete ... episodic simulation (imagination) vs. episodic memory
5 and 1
4 and 2
3 and 3
2 and 4
1 and 5
anterior PFC (BA10) vs. posterior PFC ... decision-making/planning vs. problem-solving
5 and 1
4 and 2
3 and 3
2 and 4
1 and 5
people vs. task (5 and 1) + the external world vs. the internal world (5 and 1)
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This combination is not possible since DMN is an internal network.
Koontz (2019): "The connections between these three networks, and the speed at which they interact, are predictors of how creative a person will be. Individuals with more connections are more likely to think outside the box and think of new solutions and possibilities."
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-15489-9
The SN comprises cortical and subcortical prominent nodes in the anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), as well as the rostral prefrontal cortex (RPFC) and the supramarginal gyrus (SMG). The SN also includes subcortical limbic areas including the striatum, thalamus and amygdala, which have been identified in fMRI studies. The function of the SN might be to identify the most homeostatically relevant among multiple internal and external stimuli that constantly accost the brain, and is commonly coactivated across a wide range of cognitive and affective tasks. Moreover, researchers have found that SN manifested the highest levels of time-varying flexibility in connectivity with other networks and suggested the SN is a unique hub for driving inter-network interactions and acts as a “dynamic switch”.
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PFC 4.jpg
(right) lateral frontopolar cortex, BA10 <--> Ne
medial frontopolar cortex vs. lateral frontopolar cortex ... current strategy vs. alternative strategies
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This could also be a dichotomy.
(left) lateral frontopolar cortex, BA10 <--> Te
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5512175/
The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) has attracted great interest from neuroscientists because it is associated with so many important cognitive functions. Despite, or perhaps because of, its rich functional repertoire, we lack a single comprehensive view of its function. Most research has approached this puzzle from the top down, using aggregate measures such as neuroimaging. We provide a view from the bottom up, with a focus on singleunit responses and anatomy. We summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the three major approaches to characterizing the dACC: as a monitor, as a controller, and as an economic structure. We argue that neurons in the dACC are specialized for representing contexts, or task-state variables relevant for behavior, and strategies, or aspects of future plans. We propose that dACC neurons link contexts with strategies by integrating diverse taskrelevant information to create a rich representation of task space and exert high-level and abstract control over decision and action.
(This is not the new approach.)
2. people-oriented vs. task-oriented (DMN, CON and mirror network B vs. FPN, DAN/VAN and mirror network A)task-orienteda police officer: people-oriented, the external world, the dorsal stream, expressive/quick decisions, a planner/goal-oriented, defend, insensitive, concrete, intuition (low activity)
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Here, it is necessary to include dichotomy #14, otherwise it is not possible to distinguish a police officer from an expressive mechanic.
13. SN (+ DMN/dmPFC) vs. "sensory SN" ... "select which stimuli are deserving of our attention", memory retrieval ... Ne vs. Si13. many connections between dmPFC and the rest of the brain (intuition or thinking outside the box) vs. few connections between dmPFC and the rest of the brain ... or the salience network (SN) + DMN ... memory retrieval
I keep this dichotomy.(1. perfectionism vs. tolerates disorder ... or single-tasking vs. multitasking (serotonin sensitivity?)) ... 1 and 6 merge into one dichotomy
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