The Enneagram of Personality Types: Authors on Type 3
Claudio Naranjo
From
Ennea-Type Structures: Self-Analysis for the Seeker
Success through Appearances (Ennea-Type III)
Vanity, Inauthenticity and the "Marketing Orientation"
Trait Structure
Attention Need and Vanity
Achieving Orientation
Social Sophistication and Skill
Cultivation of Sexual Attractiveness
Deceit and Image Manipulation
Other-Directedness
Pragmatism
Active Vigilance
Superficiality
Helen Palmer
From
The Enneagram: Understanding Yourself and the Others in Your Life
Point Three: The Performer
The preoccupations of Point Three include:
Identification with achievement and performance.
Efficiency.
Competition and the avoidance of failure.
The belief that love comes from what you produce, rather than for who you are.
Selective attention to whatever is positive. Tuning out of negatives.
Poor access to personal feelings. Emotions are suspended while the job gets done.
Presentation of an image that is adjusted to gain approval. A high- profile public persona.
Confusion between one's real self and the characteristics that are appropriate to one's role or job.
A way of paying attention that is called convergent thinking, in which a multitrack mind is focused upon a single goal.
Intuitive adjustment of self-presentation, often to the point of believing that the image is one's true self.
Don Richard Riso
From
Understanding the Enneagram: The Practical Guide to Personality Types
Personality Type Three: The Motivator
The Self-Assured, Ambitious, Narcissistic, Psychopathic Person
Childhood Origin: Connected to mother-figure.
Basic Fear: Of being rejected.
Basic Desire: To be accepted.
Healthy Sense of Self: I am desirable.
Characteristic Temptation: To be too competitive.
Characteristic Vice: Sloth in self-development.
Characteristic Virtue: Proper love of self.
Hidden Complaint: I am a superior person, and other people are jealous of me.
Key Defense Mechanisms: Repression, projection, displacement.
Margaret Frings Keyes
From
Emotions and the Enneagram: Working Through Your Shadow Life Script
Point Three: The Program of Achievement with Emphasis on Image
Special Gift: The ability to get things done
Self-Definition: "I'm successful."
Shadow Issue: Lying
Rejected Element: Failure
Addiction: Efficiency
Strength Needed: Truth/hope
Defense Mechanism: Identification
Psychological Disturbance: Workaholism; manic-depression
Talk Style: Self-promotion
Preoccupations Include:
Identification with competitive achievement.
Belief that they get love for what they produce rather than what they are.
Poor access to personal feelings. Constant adjustment of image to gain approval.
Self-deception to maintain a public image.
Identification of self with role or job over family concerns.
Submission by conforming to other's values, then avoidance of depression by achieving the other's approval.
Convergent thinking: a multi-track mind focused on a single goal.
Focus:
Personal emphasis on security.
Couple emphasis on masculinity/femininity.
Community emphasis on prestige.
Life Task: To stop valuing themselves in terms of their performance. Usually only a significant failure can precipitate the depression needed to sufficiently slow down and question what they are doing, and why. Hope comes with the practice of truth and in glimpsing a larger vision of lawfulness.
Kathleen V. Hurley & Theodore E. Dobson
From
What's My Type?
Three: The Succeeder
Deception: Hide behind strength (Deceit)
Pseudo-deception: Failure
Antidote: Integrity
Pseudo-antidote: Completing tasks
Illusion of Reality: Being recognized/admired
Self-justification: "I will accomplish anything."
Time Orientation: Work toward future goals
Approach to Problem Solving: Aggressive: "I accomplish."
Relationship to Life: Way of Mediation: "I negotiate with life."
William J. Callahan
From
The Enneagram for Youth: Counselor's Manual
Type Three: The Performer
Personality Identification
What do I want most?
I want to be noticed, to be admired for doing things well.
What is most important to me?
It is important that others see me as being successful.
What is the worst thing that could happen to me?
The worst thing that could happen to me is that I fail at something and other people find out.
How do I see myself (on a good day)?
I am self-confident, competitive, attractive, a winner.
The Enneagram of Personality Types: Authors on Type 7
Claudio Naranjo
From
Ennea-Type Structures: Self-Analysis for the Seeker
Opportunistic Idealism (Ennea-Type VII)
Gluttony, Fraudulence and Narcissism
Trait Structure:
Gluttony
Hedonistic Permissiveness
Rebelliousness
Lack of Discipline
Imaginary Wish Fulfillment
Seductive Pleasingness
Narcissism
Persuasiveness
Fraudulence
Helen Palmer
From
The Enneagram: Understanding Yourself and the Others in Your Life
Point Seven: The Epicure
The preoccupations of Point Seven include:
The need to maintain high levels of excitement. Many activities, many interesting things to do. Wanting to stay emotionally high.
Maintenance of multiple options as a way to buffer commitment to a single course of action.
Replacement of deep contact with pleasant mental alternatives. Talking, planning, and intellectualizing.
Charm as a first line of defense. Fear types who move toward people. Avoid direct conflict by going through the cracks. Talk your way out of trouble.
An attentional style of interrelating and systematizing information, such that commitments necessarily include loopholes and other backup options. This style of attention can lead to
Rationalized escapism from difficult or limiting tasks.
The ability to synthesize unusual connections and parallels between what appear to be antagonistic or unrelated points of view.
Don Richard Riso
From
Understanding the Enneagram: The Practical Guide to Personality Types
Personality Type Seven: The Generalist
The Accomplished, Extroverted, Excessive, Manic Person
Childhood Origin: Disconnected from mother-figure.
Basic Fear: Of being deprived.
Basic Desire: To be satisfied.
Healthy Sense of Self: I am happy.
Characteristic Temptation: To be too acquisitive.
Characteristic Vice: Gluttony.
Characteristic Virtue: Gratitude.
Hidden Complaint: I am happy, although I would be a lot happier if I got everything I wanted.
Key Defense Mechanisms: Repression, externalization, acting out.
Margaret Frings Keyes
From
Emotions and the Enneagram: Working Through Your Shadow Life Script
Point Seven: The Program of Easy Optimism with Uneasy Activity
Special Gift: The ability to create pleasure and make things happen
Self-Definition: "I'm fun. I see the bright side of life."
Shadow Issue: Gluttony
Rejected Element: Pain
Addiction: Easy Optimism
Strength Needed: Level-headed moderation
Defense Mechanism: Rationalization
Psychological Disturbance: Narcissistic personality
Talk Style: Anecdotes
Preoccupations Include:
Maintaining high levels of stimulation, many activities, many things to do, wanting to stay "high."
Replacing deep contact with pleasant talking, planning, intellectualizing.
Defusing threat; maintaining a smokescreen of activity.
Charm as a first line of defense against fear. Talking one's way out of trouble.
Interrelating and systematizing information such that commitments necessarily include loopholes and other backup options which can lead to rationalized escape from difficult commitments, but can also lead to an ability to synthesize unusual connections and parallels between what appear to be antagonistic points of view.
Superiority/inferiority dichotomy.
Focus:
Personal emphasis on savoring life.
Couple emphasis on being with people of like-mind.
Community emphasis on limits and obligations.
Life Task: To work with a sense of proportion and balance anchored in the now. Pain of any kind can serve as a steadying point of focus.
Kathleen V. Hurley & Theodore E. Dobson
From
What's My Type?
Seven: The Dreamer
Deception: Feeling happy (Gluttony)
Pseudo-deception: Complexity of life
Antidote: Fortitude
Pseudo-antidote: Boundless optimism
Illusion of Reality: Looking to the future
Self-justification: "I will make the world happy."
Time Orientation: Work on future plans
Approach to Problem Solving: Aggressive: "I accomplish."
Relationship to Life: Way of Reduction: "I am overwhelmed by life."
William J. Callahan
From
The Enneagram for Youth: Counselor's Manual
Type Seven: The Materialist
Personality Identification
What do I want most?
I want happiness, excitement, to discover, and to do new things.
What is most important to me?
It is important to me to always have a plan for what happens next. I always have a plan for the future.
What is the worst thing that could happen to me?
The worst thing that could happen to me would be to be bored and broke.
How do I see myself (on a good day)?
I am friendly, fun-loving, and able to do well at whatever I choose to do.
The Enneagram of Personality Types: Authors on Type 8
Claudio Naranjo
From
Ennea-Type Structures: Self-Analysis for the Seeker
Coming on Strong (Ennea-Type VIII)
Lust and Vindinctive Arrogance
Trait Structure:
Lust
Punitiveness
Rebelliousness
Dominance
Insensitivity
Conning and Cynicism
Exhibitionism (Narcissism)
Autonomy
Sensorimotor Dominance
Helen Palmer
From
The Enneagram: Understanding Yourself and the Others in Your Life
Point Eight: The Boss
The preoccupations of Point Eight include:
Control of personal possessions and space and control of people who are likely to influence the Eight's life.
Aggression and the open expression of anger.
Concern with justice and the protection of others.
Fighting and sex as a way of making contact. Trusting people who can hold their own in a fight.
Excess as an antidote to boredom. Late hours, heavy entertainment, bingeing. Too much, too loud, too many.
Difficulty in recognizing the dependent aspects of the self. When affected by others, can deny real feelings by withdrawal, by claiming boredom, or by internally blaming the self for past misdeeds.
An all-or-nothing style of attention, which tends to see things in extremes. Other people appear to be either strong or weak, either fair or unfair, with no middle ground. This style of attention can lead to
Not recognizing one's own weakness and the automatic denial of other points of view in favor of the single "legitimate" opinion that is going to make the Eight feel secure, or
The exercise of appropriate force in the service of others.
Don Richard Riso
From
Understanding the Enneagram: The Practical Guide to Personality Type
Personality Type Eight: The Leader
The Powerful, Expansive, Dictatorial, Destructive Person
Childhood Origin: Ambivalent to mother-figure.
Basic Fear: Of submitting to another.
Basic Desire: To be self-reliant.
Healthy Sense of Self: I am strong.
Characteristic Temptation: To be too self-sufficient.
Characteristic Vice: Lust.
Characteristic Virtue: Magnanimity.
Hidden Complaint: I am fighting for my own survival, and others would take advantage of me if I let them.
Key Defense Mechanisms: Repression, displacement, denial.
Margaret Frings Keyes
From
Emotions and the Enneagram: Working Through Your Shadow Life Script
Point Eight: The Program of Self-defined Justice with Arrogance
Special Gift: Care for the Underdog
Self-Definition: "I can do. I'm powerful."
Shadow Issue: Lust – use of others as objects
Rejected Element: Weakness
Addiction: Arrogant justice
Strength Needed: Trust
Defense Mechanism: Denial
Psychological Disturbance: Sociopath
Talk Style: Imperatives
Preoccupations Include:
Aggression and impulse control.
Puritan/hedonist dichotomy.
Control of personal objects, space and people likely to influence the EIGHT'S life.
Excessive (to others) self-presentation – too much, too loud.
Tendency to see things in extremes, people either strong or weak, fair or unfair, with no middle ground; an automatic denial of other points of view in favor of single "legitimate" opinion that supports the EIGHT'S security.
Concern with justice and the protection of others.
Focus:
Personal emphasis on satisfactory survival.
Couple emphasis on possession/surrender.
Community emphasis on friendship.
Life Task: Realization of truth and justice in each moment's flow of reality. Accepting one's personal weakness offers the possibility of integration.
Kathleen V. Hurley & Theodore E. Dobson
From
What's My Type?
Eight: The Confronter
Deception: Need to conquer (Lust for life)
Pseudo-deception: Weakness
Antidote: Compassion
Pseudo-antidote: Being strong
Illusion of Reality: Power
Self-justification: "I will accomplish everything important."
Time Orientation: Work to make the future just
Approach to Problem Solving: Aggressive: "I accomplish."
Relationship to Life: Way of Subjugation: "I meet life head on."
William J. Callahan
From
The Enneagram for Youth: Counselor's Manual
Type Eight: The Chief
Personality Identification
What do I want most?
I want to be in control, to lead, and to show that I am stronger than others.
What is most important to me?
It is important to me that I be in control of what goes on around me.
What is the worst thing that could happen to me?
The worst thing that could happen to me is that things around me get out of control.
How do I see myself (on a good day)?
I am different, independent, decisive, and respected.