The 18 issues I used for my weighting:
1) Military (weighting of 7.5)
Composed of two metrics:
per104 reversed (lower scores I considered better) + per105
per104 Military: Positive
The importance of external security and defence. May include statements concerning:•The need to maintain or increase military expenditure;•The need to secure adequate manpower in the military;•The need to modernise armed forces and improve military strength;•The need for rearmament and self-defence;•The need to keep military treaty obligations.
per105 Military: Negative
Negative references to the military or use of military power to solve conflicts. References to the ‘evils of war’. May include references to:•Decreasing military expenditures;•Disarmament;•Reduced or abolished conscription
2) Peace (weighting of 7.5)
per106 Peace
Any declaration of belief in peace and peaceful means of solving crises– absent reference to the military. May include:•Peace as a general goal;•Desirability of countries joining in negotiations with hostile countries;•Ending wars in order to establish peace.
3) Internationalism (weighting of 7.5)
Composed of two metrics:
per107 + per109 reversed (lower scores I considered better)
(I actually made a mistake and forgot the per109 aspect so may re-do my scores when I have time).
per107 Internationalism: Positive
Need for international co-operation, including co-operation with specific countries other than those coded in 101. May also include references to the:•Need for aid to developing countries;•Need for world planning of resources;•Support for global governance;•Need for international courts;•Support for UN or other international organisations.
per109 Internationalism: Negative
Negative references to international co-operation. Favourable mentions of national independence and sovereignty with regard to the manifesto country’s foreign policy, isolation and/or unilateralism as opposed to internationalism.
4) Democracy (weighting of 10)
per202 Democracy
Favourable mentions of democracy as the “only game in town”. General support for the manifesto country’s democracy. May also include:•Democracy as method or goal in national, international or other organisations (e.g. labour unions, political parties etc.);•The need for the involvement of all citizens in political decision-making;•Support for either direct or representative democracy;•Support for parts of democratic regimes (rule of law, division of powers, independence of courts etc.).
5) Decentralization (weighting of 5)
Composed of two metrics:
per301 + per302 reversed (lower scores I considered better)
per301 Decentralization
Support for federalism or decentralisation of political and/or economic power. May include:•Favourable mentions of the territorial subsidiary principle;•More autonomy for any sub-national level in policy making and/or economics, including municipalities;•Support for the continuation and importance of local and regional customs and symbols and/or deference to local expertise;•Favourable mentions of special consideration for sub-national areas.
per302 Centralisation
General opposition to political decision-making at lower political levels. Support for unitary government and for more centralisation in political and administrative procedures
6) Market Regulation (weighting of 7.5)
per403 Market Regulation
Support for policies designed to create a fair and open economic market. May include:•Calls for increased consumer protection;•Increasing economic competition by preventing monopolies and other actions disrupting the functioning of the market;•Defence of small businesses against disruptive powers of big businesses;•Social market economy.
7) Protectionism (weighting of 7.5)
Composed of two metrics:
per406 reversed (lower scores I considered better) + per407
per406 Protectionism: Positive
Favourable mentions of extending or maintaining the protection of internal markets (by the manifesto or other countries). Measures may include:•Tariffs;•Quota restrictions;•Export subsidies.
per407 Protectionism: Negative
Support for the concept of free trade and open markets. Call for abolishing all means of market protection (in the manifesto or any other country).
8) Keynesian Demand Management (weighting of 7.5)
per409 Keynesian Demand Management
Favourable mentions of demand side oriented economic policies (assistance to consumers rather than businesses). Particularly includes increase private demand through •Increasing public demand;•Increasing social expenditures. May also include:•Stabilisation in the face of depression;•Government stimulus plans in the face of economic crises.
9) Technology and Infrastructure (weighting of 7.5)
per411 Technology and Infrastructure: Positive
Importance of modernisation of industry and updated methods of transport and communication. May include:•Importance of science and technological developments in industry;•Need for training and research within the economy (This does not imply education in general (see category 506);•Calls for public spending on infrastructure such as roads and bridges;•Support for public spending on technological infrastructure (e.g.: broadband internet, etc.)
10) Anti-Growth Economy (weighting of 10)
per416 Anti-Growth Economy: Positive
Favourable mentions of anti-growth politics. Rejection of the idea that all growth is good growth. Opposition to growth that causes environmental or societal harm. Call for sustainable economic development.
Note: This category was not used for Austria 1945-1979, for Australia, Japan and the United States up to 1980; for Belgium, Ireland, The Netherlands and New Zealand up to 1981; for Italy and Britain up to1983; for Denmark, Luxembourg and Israel up to 1984; for Canada, France and Sweden up to 1988; and for Norway up to 1989. Test codings, however, have shown that parties before the beginning of the1990s hardly ever advocated anti-growth policies.
11) Environmental Protection (weighting of 10)
per501 Environmental Protection
General policies in favour of protecting the environment, fighting climate change, and other “green” policies. For instance:•General preservation of natural resources;•Preservation of countryside, forests, etc.;•Protection of national parks;•Animal rights.
12) Culture (weighting of 5)
per502 Culture: Positive
Need for state funding of cultural and leisure facilities including arts and sport. May include:•The need to fund museums, art galleries, libraries etc.;•The need to encourage cultural mass media and worthwhile leisure activities, such as public sport clubs.
13) Equality (weighting of 5)
per503 Equality: Positive
Concept of social justice and the need for fair treatment of all people. This may include:•Special protection for underprivileged social groups;•Removal of class barriers;•Need for fair distribution of resources;•The end of discrimination (e.g. racial or sexual discrimination).
14) Welfare (weighting of 7.5)
Composed of two metrics:
per504 + per505 reversed (lower scores I considered better)
per504 Welfare State Expansion
Favourable mentions of need to introduce, maintain or expand any public social service or social security scheme. This includes, for ex-ample, government funding of:•Health care•Child care•Elder care and pensions•Social housing
Note: This category excludes education.
per505 Welfare State Limitation
Limiting state expenditures on social services or social security. Favourable mentions of the social subsidiary principle (i.e. private care before state care);
15) Education (weighting of 5)
Composed of two metrics:
per506 + per507 reversed (lower scores I considered better)
per506 Education Expansion
Need to expand and/or improve educational provision at all levels.
Note: This excludes technical training which is coded under 411.
per507 Education Limitation
Limiting state expenditure on education. May include:•The introduction or expansion of study fees at all educational levels•Increasing the number of private schools.
16) Nationalism (weighting of 7.5)
Composed of two metrics:
per601 reversed (lower scores I considered better) + per602
per601 National Way of Life: Positive
Favourable mentions of the manifesto country’s nation, history, and general appeals. May include:•Support for established national ideas;•General appeals to pride of citizenship;•Appeals to patriotism;•Appeals to nationalism;•Suspension of some freedoms in order to protect the state against subversion.
per602 National Way of Life: Negative
Unfavourable mentions of the manifesto country’s nation and history. May include:•Opposition to patriotism;•Opposition to nationalism;•Opposition to the existing national state, national pride, and national ideas.
17) Traditional Morality (weighting of 7.5)
Composed of two metrics:
per603 reversed (lower scores I considered better) + per604
per603 Traditional Morality: Positive
Favourable mentions of traditional and/or religious moral values. May include:•Prohibition, censorship and suppression of immorality and unseemly behaviour;•Maintenance and stability of the traditional family as a value;•Support for the role of religious institutions in state and society.
per604 Traditional Morality: Negative
Opposition to traditional and/or religious moral values. May include:•Support for divorce, abortion etc.;•General support for modern family composition;•Calls for the separation of church and state.
18) Law and Order (weighting of 7.5)
The reverse of per605.
per605 Law and Order: Positive
Favourable mentions of strict law enforcement, and tougher actions against domestic crime. Only refers to the enforcement of the status quo of the manifesto country’s law code. May include:•Increasing support and resources for the police;•Tougher attitudes in courts;•Importance of internal security
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Originally Posted by Duschia
