Ooh this is fun.
LSI: Argue back, literally just repeat what you said before in slightly different words. Go back and forth until class ends or the professor shuts you down.
LII: Argue back -- you will convince no one even though you are right

EIE, IEI: Argue but also become somewhat disoriented. Give a speech for dramatic effect. You want to win but also look cool doing it.
ILE: keep arguing but also make jokes and catch the prof off-guard with your cavalier attitude
SEI: make a joke or sheepishly acknowledge the professor's argument
ESE: try to reconcile with the professor, or pretend like you were saying the same thing after all.
SLE: Depends on how mad they are. They could joke around, argue back, and/or issue some bombastic statements.
IEE: roll your eyes but secretly get mad at him and never talk to him again
EII: go home and cry
ESI, SEE: get mad and/or never talk to the prof again but also trash him to other students in the class
LIE: start listing facts for 30 minutes or until the professor cuts you off. Make sure to call the professor stupid at least three times.
ILI: glibly cut off the professor's line of argument but in a way that leaves your own views even less clear than before.
SLI: smile and/or murmur something unintelligible before reburying your nose in your books.
LSE: Smile, be visibly unaffected by what the professor said and say something else that is nonsensical / only tangentially related to the topic.