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Thread: Model D

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    https://www.academia.edu/20312396/Th...iable_Analysis

    The Relationship between Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Raven Standard Progressive Matrices: A Latent Variable Analysis

    To investigate the relationship between the executive functions and the fluid intelligence, the relationship between two problem solving tests, namely the Wisconsin Cart Sorting Test (WCST, a widely accepted test of the executive functioning) and the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices Test (RSPMT, the most frequently used measure of the fluid intelligence) was analyzed by means of the relationship between the Structural Equation Models (SEM). 175 healthy university students participated in the study. RSPMT and WCST were used as data collection instruments. Significant correlations were obtained between the RSPMT`s total score, timing score and twelve different scores of WCST. Following the research hypotheses, the data obtained were analyzed by means of structural equation modeling. These findings further supported the relationship between the two tests. As a contribution to the literature, it was shown that besides updating and inhibition, set-formation is also significantly associated with fluid inteligence. The notion which proposes that the executive functions are the reflection of general intelligence and they represent the individual differences in the fluid intelligence performance has been supported with further scientific evidence.

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_flexibility

    Cognitive flexibility is an intrinsic property of a cognitive system often associated with the mental ability to adjust its activity and content, switch between different task rules and corresponding behavioral responses, maintain multiple concepts simultaneously and shift internal attention between them.

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    https://www.researchgate.net/figure/...fig2_320063477 (Managing competing goals — a key role for the frontopolar cortex)

    "undirected exploration" <--> not a planner ?

    ... or "directed exploration" (low) <--> not a planner ?
    Recent studies combining computational modelling, behavioural tests and fMRI experiments have proposed a model that describes arbitration processes between exploitation and exploration behaviours and formalizes aspects of the evolution of the frontal pole function from monkeys to humans. This model distinguishes two arbitration systems. The first is a basic system that monitors online the relevance (‘absolute reliability’, in the model terminology) of the ongoing behavioural strategy (that is, the ‘actor’) and triggers undirected exploration when this strategy is deemed irrelevant. Relevance is inferred from the predictability of action outcomes and the occurrence of contextual cues. Undirected exploration is conceived as the emergence of a new cognitive set that serves as the actor. This is initially built from long-term memory of previously learned, contextually relevant strategies and is subsequently adjusted to external contingencies. The relevance of this cognitive set is monitored online and may eventually be consolidated in long-term memory, when it is deemed relevant.

    The second is an add-on system that further monitors online the relevance of a few alternative behavioural strategies. These strategies were previously used as relevant-actor strategies but were subsequently deemed irrelevant. Critically, this system allows one of these alternative strategies to replace the current-actor strategy when the latter is deemed irrelevant (by the basic system) and the former is deemed relevant again (by the add-on system). The add-on system thus enables directed exploration — that is, the ability to keep track of and test several behavioural hypotheses simultaneously and, as a special case, perform cognitive branching.

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    https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...150v1.full.pdf

    A neurocomputational model of human frontopolar cortex function

    Alexandre Hyafil, Etienne Koechlin

    The frontopolar cortex (FPC), the most anterior part of the lateral prefrontal cortex corresponding to Brodmann’s area 10, is involved in human high-order cognition, including reasoning, problem-solving and multitasking. Its specific contribution to prefrontal executive function, however, remains unclear. A neurocomputational model suggests that the FPC implements a basic process referred to as cognitive branching that maintains a task in a pending state during the execution of another, and enables to revert back to it upon completion of the ongoing one. However, the FPC is engaged in other cognitive functions including prospective memory, relational reasoning, episodic memory retrieval and attentional set-shifting, which are not directly linked to the notion of cognitive branching. Here we used a neurocomputional branching model to simulate the involvement of the FPC in these various cognitive functions. Simulation results indicate that the model accounts for the variety of FPC activations observed in these various experimental paradigms. Thus, the present study provides theoretical evidence suggesting that all these behavioral paradigms implicitly involve branching processes, and supports the idea that cognitive branching is the core function of the human frontopolar cortex.

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    https://www.researchgate.net/publica...topolar_Cortex

    Von Economo Neurons in the Human Medial Frontopolar Cortex

    Carlos Gonzalez, Martha Isabel Escobar, Manuel F Casanova, Hernán J Pimienta

    The von Economo neurons (VEN) are characterized by a large soma, spindle-like soma, with little dendritic arborization at both, the basal and apical poles. In humans, VENs have been described in the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampal formation, the anterior cingulate cortex, the rostral portion of the insula and the dorsomedial Brodmann's area 9 (BA9). These cortical regions have been associated with cognitive functions such as social interactions, intuition and emotional processing. Previous studies that searched for the presence of these cells in the lateral frontal poles yielded negative results. The presence of VENs in other cortical areas on the medial surface of the human prefrontal cortex which share both a common functional network and similar laminar organization, led us to examine its presence in the medial portion of the frontal pole. In the present study, we used tissue samples from five postmortem subjects taken from the polar portion of BA10, on the medial surface of both hemispheres. We found VENs in the human medial BA10, although they are very scarce and dispersed. We also observed crests and walls of the gyrus to quantitatively assess: (A) interhemispheric asymmetries, (B) the VENs/pyramidal ratio, (C) the area of the soma of VENs and (D) the difference in soma area between VENs and pyramidal and fusiform cells. We found that VENs are at least seven times more abundant on the right hemisphere and at least 2.5 times more abundant in the crest than in the walls of the gyrus. The soma size of VENs in the medial frontopolar cortex is larger than that of pyramidal and fusiform cells of layer VI, and their size is larger in the walls than in the crests. Our finding might be a contribution to the understanding of the role of these neurons in the functional networks in which all the areas in which they have been found are linked. However, the particularities of VENs in the frontal pole, as their size and quantity, may also lead us to interpret the findings in the light of other positions such as van Essen's theory of tension-based brain morphogenesis.

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Economo_neuron

    Von Economo neurons are relatively large cells that may allow rapid communication across the relatively large brains of great apes, elephants, and cetaceans. Although rare in comparison to other neurons, von Economo neurons are abundant, and comparatively large, in humans; they are however three times as abundant in cetaceans.

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    https://www.researchgate.net/publica...topolar_Cortex

    Von Economo Neurons in the Human Medial Frontopolar Cortex

    Carlos Gonzalez, Martha Isabel Escobar, Manuel F Casanova, Hernán J Pimienta

    The von Economo neurons (VEN) are characterized by a large soma, spindle-like soma, with little dendritic arborization at both, the basal and apical poles. In humans, VENs have been described in the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampal formation, the anterior cingulate cortex, the rostral portion of the insula and the dorsomedial Brodmann's area 9 (BA9). These cortical regions have been associated with cognitive functions such as social interactions, intuition and emotional processing. Previous studies that searched for the presence of these cells in the lateral frontal poles yielded negative results. The presence of VENs in other cortical areas on the medial surface of the human prefrontal cortex which share both a common functional network and similar laminar organization, led us to examine its presence in the medial portion of the frontal pole. In the present study, we used tissue samples from five postmortem subjects taken from the polar portion of BA10, on the medial surface of both hemispheres. We found VENs in the human medial BA10, although they are very scarce and dispersed. We also observed crests and walls of the gyrus to quantitatively assess: (A) interhemispheric asymmetries, (B) the VENs/pyramidal ratio, (C) the area of the soma of VENs and (D) the difference in soma area between VENs and pyramidal and fusiform cells. We found that VENs are at least seven times more abundant on the right hemisphere and at least 2.5 times more abundant in the crest than in the walls of the gyrus. The soma size of VENs in the medial frontopolar cortex is larger than that of pyramidal and fusiform cells of layer VI, and their size is larger in the walls than in the crests. Our finding might be a contribution to the understanding of the role of these neurons in the functional networks in which all the areas in which they have been found are linked. However, the particularities of VENs in the frontal pole, as their size and quantity, may also lead us to interpret the findings in the light of other positions such as van Essen's theory of tension-based brain morphogenesis.

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Economo_neuron

    Von Economo neurons are relatively large cells that may allow rapid communication across the relatively large brains of great apes, elephants, and cetaceans. Although rare in comparison to other neurons, von Economo neurons are abundant, and comparatively large, in humans; they are however three times as abundant in cetaceans.

    http://www.insightsforchange.co.uk/articles/Nardi_pt1_IndivDifferences_Jul2012.pdf


    IEE / ENFp ... area F4 is very active

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    https://www.academia.edu/14821443/Vo..._and_Functions

    Von Economo neurons: A Review of the Anatomy and Functions

    Ibegbu AO, Umana UE, Hamman WO, Adamu AS

    Von Economo neurons (VENs) are large bipolar neurons found in the anterior cingulate, frontoinsular and dorso-lateral prefrontal cortices of great apes and the humans. VENs are defined by their thin, elongated cell body and long dendrites projecting from the apical and basal ends. These neurons are mostly present in particularly high densities in cetaceans, elephants, andhominoid primates mainly, humans and apes. VENs have been shown to contribute in the specializations of neural circuits in species that share both large brain size and complex social cognition due to their location. This could possibly be due to the adaptation to rapidly relay of socially-relevant information over long distances across the brain. The VENs have been shown to be recently evolved cell type which may be involved in the fast intuitive assessment of complex social situations. As such, they could be part of the circuitry supporting human social networks. The VENs emerge mainly after birth and increase in number until four years of age. The presence of VENs in the frontoinsular cortex has been linked to a possible role in the integration of bodily feelings, emotional regulation and goal-directed behaviors. Some studies have shown decreased number of VENs in neuropsychiatric diseases in which social cognition is markedly affected. Some researchers have shown that selective destruction of VENs in the early stages of frontotemporal dementia implies that they are involved in empathy, social awareness, and self-control which is consistent with evidence from functional imaging.

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    https://www.sciencealert.com/this-gi...sands-of-words

    Yep, your brain is so clever, that it uses neurons in just about every pocket and fold to organise the meaning of words into logical groups, so words like "mother", "father", "pregnant", and "family" appear to be processed in the same area, and the region just next door, lights up in repose to related words such as "house", "owner" and "landlord".

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    This is why cross-contextual thinking is dependent on Von Economo neurons and leads to a "Christmas tree pattern".

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    http://neuronbank.org/wiki/index.php/Von_Economo_neuron

    The FI and ACC, where VENs are located, are thought to be implicated in social reasoning, empathy, emotion, and monitoring of visceral autonomic activity, among other functions. ACC projects to the frontopolar cortex, which has been implicated in cognitive dissonance and uncertainty. Because their morphology suggests them as fast-projection neurons, and because of the functions of the areas they are thought to receive information from and project information to, it is speculated that VENs have an important role to play in intuition, which allows one to overcome uncertainty, make quick decisions, and resolve cognitive dissonance.

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    https://www.frontiersin.org/articles...017.00044/full

    The Dorsal Medial Prefrontal Cortex Is Recruited by High Construal of Non-social Stimuli

    The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) is part of the mentalizing network, a set of brain regions consistently engaged in inferring mental states. However, its precise function in this network remains unclear. It has recently been proposed that the dmPFC is involved in high-level abstract (i.e., categorical) identification or construction of both social and non-social stimuli, referred to as “high construal.” This was based on the observation of greater activation in the dmPFC shared by a high construal social condition (trait inference based on visually presented behavior) and a high construal non-social condition (categorization of visually presented objects) vs. matched low construal conditions (visual description of the same pictures). However, dmPFC activation has been related to task contexts requiring responses based on self-guided generation of mental content or decisions as compared to responses more directly determined by the experimental context (e.g., free vs. rule-governed choice). The previously reported dmPFC activity may reflect differences in task constraint (i.e., the extent to which the task context guided the process) confounded with the construal manipulation. Therefore, in the present study, we manipulated construal level and constraint independently, while participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). As before, participants visually described (low level construal) or categorized (high level construal) pictures of objects. Orthogonal to this, the description or categorization task had to be performed on either one object (low constraint) or on two objects simultaneously (high constraint), limiting the number of possible responses. Statistical analysis revealed common greater activation in both high construal conditions (high and low constraint) than in their low construal counterparts, replicating the influence of construal level on dmPFC activation (greater involvement in high than low construal), but no influence of constraint. In line with previous proposals and earlier work, we suggest that the dmPFC is involved in high-construal abstraction across different domains.

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsom...frontal_cortex

    Research has indicated that the dmPFC plays a role in creating social impressions. One study showed that by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the dmPFC during a social judgment task directly disrupts a person’s ability to form social judgments. Additionally, the dmPFC is active when people are trying to understand the perspectives, beliefs, and thoughts of others, an ability known as Theory of Mind. The dmPFC has also been shown to play a role in altruism. The amount that a person’s dmPFC was active during a socially-based task predicted how much money that person would later donate to others. Furthermore, the dmPFC has been shown to be play a role in morality decisions.




    https://academic.oup.com/scan/article/15/4/383/5831854

    Dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex track distinct properties of dynamic social behavior

    Understanding how humans make competitive decisions in complex environments is a key goal of decision neuroscience. Typical experimental paradigms constrain behavioral complexity (e.g. choices in discrete-play games), and thus, the underlying neural mechanisms of dynamic social interactions remain incompletely understood. Here, we collected fMRI data while humans played a competitive real-time video game against both human and computer opponents, and then, we used Bayesian non-parametric methods to link behavior to neural mechanisms. Two key cognitive processes characterized behavior in our task: (i) the coupling of one’s actions to another’s actions (i.e. opponent sensitivity) and (ii) the advantageous timing of a given strategic action. We found that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex displayed selective activation when the subject’s actions were highly sensitive to the opponent’s actions, whereas activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex increased proportionally to the advantageous timing of actions to defeat one’s opponent. Moreover, the temporoparietal junction tracked both of these behavioral quantities as well as opponent social identity, indicating a more general role in monitoring other social agents. These results suggest that brain regions that are frequently implicated in social cognition and value-based decision-making also contribute to the strategic tracking of the value of social actions in dynamic, multi-agent contexts.

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    https://www.jneurosci.org/content/31/13/5026

    A Parallel Functional Topography between Medial and Lateral Prefrontal Cortex: Evidence and Implications for Cognitive Control

    The dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (dmPFC and dlPFC) together support cognitive control, with dmPFC responsible for monitoring performance and dlPFC responsible for adjusting behavior. The dlPFC contains a topographic organization that reflects complexity of control demands, with more anterior regions guiding increasingly abstract processing. Recent evidence for a similar gradient within dmPFC suggests the possibility of parallel, hierarchical organization. Here, we measured connectivity between functional nodes of dmPFC and dlPFC using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans. We found a posterior-to-anterior connectivity gradient; posterior dmPFC maximally connected to posterior dlPFC and anterior dmPFC maximally connected to anterior dlPFC. This parallel topographic pattern replicated across three independent datasets collected on different scanners, within individual participants, and through both point-to-point and voxelwise analyses. We posit a model of cognitive control characterized by hierarchical interactions—whose level depends on current environmental demands—between functional subdivisions of medial and lateral PFC.

    dmPFC and dlPFC.jpg

  12. #452

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    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3513285/

    Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex Mediates Rapid Evaluations Predicting the Outcome of Romantic Interactions

    Humans frequently make real-world decisions based on rapid evaluations of minimal information; for example, should we talk to an attractive stranger at a party? Little is known, however, about how the brain makes rapid evaluations with real and immediate social consequences. To address this question, we scanned participants with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they viewed photos of individuals that they subsequently met at real-life “speed-dating” events. Neural activity in two areas of dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), paracingulate cortex, and rostromedial prefrontal cortex (RMPFC) was predictive of whether each individual would be ultimately pursued for a romantic relationship or rejected. Activity in these areas was attributable to two distinct components of romantic evaluation: either consensus judgments about physical beauty (paracingulate cortex) or individualized preferences based on a partner's perceived personality (RMPFC). These data identify novel computational roles for these regions of the DMPFC in even very rapid social evaluations. Even a first glance, then, can accurately predict romantic desire, but that glance involves a mix of physical and psychological judgments that depend on specific regions of DMPFC.

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    Cross-contextual thinking is most likely processed by DMPFC.

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex

    The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is composed of BA12, BA25, and anterior cingulate cortex: BA32, BA33, BA24.




    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_12

    Brodmann area 12 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It occupies the most rostral portion of the frontal lobe. Brodmann-1909 did not regard it as homologous, either topographically or cytoarchitecturally, to rostral area 12 of the human. Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): a quite distinct internal granular layer (IV) separates slender pyramidal cells of the external pyramidal layer (III) and the internal pyramidal layer (V); the multiform layer (VI) is expanded, contains widely dispersed spindle cells and merges gradually with the underlying cortical white matter; all cells, including the pyramidal cells of the external and internal pyramidal layers are inordinately small; the internal pyramidal layer (V) also contains spindle cells in groups of two to five located close to its border with the internal granular layer (IV).




    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidal_cell

    Both axons and dendrites are highly branched. The large amount of branching allows the neuron to send and receive signals to and from many different neurons.

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    https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics...frontal-cortex

    The vmPFC has been implicated in diverse functions ranging from emotion and emotion regulation to episodic and semantic memory to economic valuation. So what exactly does the vmPFC do? Roy, Shohamy, and Wager (2012) proposed that the vmPFC is an integrative hub for emotional, sensory, social, memory, and self-related information processing. Situated in the medial portion of the prefrontal cortex, the highly interconnected vmPFC serves as a region for binding together the large-scale networks that subserve emotional processing, decision-making, memory, self-perception, and social cognition in general. Thus it is not surprising that the vmPFC is activated across a wide range of experiments and experimental constructs ranging from memory to mentalizing to reward processing and even to pain.

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    I think a planner memorizes objects (and geons) in an organized manner, so when he or she recalls a memory PFC searches for causally related objects. It is also possible that important objects/memories are put in a pending state (see post #443).

    not a planner memorizes objects in an unorganized manner, so when he or she recalls a memory PFC searches for structurally related objects.

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    https://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc...28393218300058

    Specifying the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in memory formation

    Recent neuroimaging research suggests that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) plays an important role for successful memory formation that takes place in the context of activated prior knowledge. These findings led to the notion that the vmPFC integrates new information into existing knowledge structures. However, a considerable number of neuroimaging studies that have investigated memory formation in the context of prior knowledge have not found vmPFC involvement. To resolve this inconsistency, we propose a distinction between knowledge-relevance (the degree to which new information can be linked to prior knowledge) and knowledge-congruency (the perceived match between prior knowledge and the to-be-encoded information). We hypothesized that the vmPFC contributes to successful memory formation only when perceived knowledge-congruency is high, independent of knowledge-relevance. We tested this hypothesis in a design that varied both congruency and relevance during memory encoding, which was performed in the MR scanner. As predicted, the results showed that vmPFC contributions to memory formation vary as a function of knowledge-congruency, but not as a function of knowledge-relevance. Our finding contributes to elucidating the seemingly inconsistent findings in the literature and helps to specify the role of the vmPFC in memory formation.

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    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3604648/

    The medial prefrontal cortex is critical for memory retrieval and resolving interference

    Temporary inactivation of the mPFC also caused a striking impairment when infusions were given after the concurrent discrimination task was well learned, indicating that the mPFC role is not limited to learning but is also critical for retrieval. These results suggest that the mPFC is needed whenever subjects must simultaneously manage many items in memory, regardless of the particular type of task, and are consistent with an mPFC role in resolving interference. This role was directly confirmed in our second experiment, which was explicitly designed to induce high levels of interference.




    https://link.springer.com/article/10...415-011-0074-6

    Remembering first impressions: Effects of intentionality and diagnosticity on subsequent memory

    People rely on first impressions every day as an important tool to interpret social behavior. While research is beginning to reveal the neural underpinnings of first impressions, particularly through understanding the role of dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), little is known about the way in which first impressions are encoded into memory. This is surprising because first impressions are relevant from a social perspective for future interactions, requiring that they be transferred to memory. The present study used a subsequent-memory paradigm to test the conditions under which the dmPFC is implicated in the encoding of first impressions. We found that intentionally forming impressions engages the dmPFC more than does incidentally forming impressions, and that this engagement supports the encoding of remembered impressions. In addition, we found that diagnostic information, which more readily lends itself to forming trait impressions, engages the dmPFC more than does neutral information. These results indicate that the neural system subserving memory for impressions is sensitive to consciously formed impressions. The results also suggest a distinction between a social memory system and other explicit memory systems governed by the medial temporal lobes.

  19. #459
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    https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn.2017.60

    (Working memory)

    Keeping short-term memories alive

    If a response to a stimulus has to be delayed during a task, neural activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to maintain task-relevant information as a short-term memory. However, the circuit basis of this so-called delay activity is not clear. In a new study in mice, Kamigaki and Dan shed light on the contributions of different cell types in the dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC) to such activity.

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    dmPFC: categorization, metaphor, analogy, working memory, memory retrieval ... object 1 and another relevant object (object 2 ?)

    dlPFC: imagination (PFS), creativity ... object 1 --> <-- object 2

  21. #461
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    dmPFC: categorization, metaphor, analogy, working memory, memory retrieval ... object 1 and another relevant object (object 2 ?)

    dlPFC: imagination (PFS), creativity ... object 1 --> <-- object 2
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsol...frontal_cortex

    Working memory is the system that actively holds multiple pieces of transitory information in the mind, where they can be manipulated. The DLPFC is important for working memory; reduced activity in this area correlates to poor performance on working memory tasks. However, other areas of the brain are involved in working memory as well.

    There is an ongoing discussion if the DLPFC is specialized in a certain type of working memory, namely computational mechanisms for monitoring and manipulating items, or if it has a certain content, namely visuospatial information, which makes it possible to mentally represent coordinates within the spatial domain.

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    https://www.jneurosci.org/content/32/24/8107

    What Visual Information Is Processed in the Human Dorsal Stream?

    The idea of a division between a dorsal and a ventral visual stream is one of the most basic principles of visual processing in the brain (Milner and Goodale, 1995). The ventral stream originates in primary visual cortex and extends along the ventral surface into the temporal cortex; the dorsal stream also arises in primary visual cortex, but continues along the dorsal surface into parietal cortex. The ventral stream (or “vision-for-perception” pathway) is believed to mainly subserve recognition and discrimination of visual shapes and objects, whereas the dorsal stream (or “vision-for-action” pathway) has been primarily associated with visually guided reaching and grasping based on the moment-to-moment analysis of the spatial location, shape, and orientation of objects. It has been proposed, however, that the dorsal stream also processes tools as a category, so that manipulable objects would be processed by those brain regions that are important for the execution of actions. However, because dorsal and ventral visual regions are heavily interconnected, it is difficult to tell in healthy subjects whether information is processed along the dorsal stream only, or whether it is fed to parietal cortex via ventral visual regions.

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    DMN and FPN are probably better definitions of Si and Se since the former is activated when the latter is deactivated, and vice versa.

  23. #463
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    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ar...l.pone.0205690

    The spatial maps of neurocognitive networks (thresholded at Z > 3) shown here represent the anterior, posterior and ventral subnetworks of the default mode network (a/p/v DMN), and the left and right frontoparietal (l/r FPN), dorsal attentional (DAN), cingulo-opercular (CON), and frontopolar (FN) networks.

    large-scale brain networks 4.png

    ------

    The types could be based on 2-3 (very) active brain networks. For example, extraversion + DMN > CON > FN could be an EIE-like type.

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    DMN and FPN are probably better definitions of Si and Se since the former is activated when the latter is deactivated, and vice versa.
    It is also possible that DAN is Se and FPN is "Ti"/"Ne".

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    Brian Cox: extraversion + DMN > CON1 > rFPN

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    Robbert Dijkgraaf: introversion + FPN > DMN > FN

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    Brian Cox: extraversion + DMN > CON1 > rFPN
    primary regions: right DMPFC, left OFC, right cingulate cortex

    secondary regions: right OFC, left temporal lobe, right temporal lobe

    tertiary regions: right DLPFC, right parietal lobe, right occipital lobe

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    Brian Cox: extraversion + DMN > CON1 > rFPN
    primary regions: right DMPFC, left OFC, right cingulate cortex

    secondary regions: right OFC, left temporal lobe, right temporal lobe

    tertiary regions: right DLPFC, right parietal lobe, right occipital lobe
    ... or 5-6 primary regions define a type and 3-4 secondary regions define a subtype.


    primary regions: right DMPFC, left OFC, right OFC, right cingulate cortex, left temporal lobe, right temporal lobe

    secondary regions: right DLPFC, right parietal lobe, right occipital lobe

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    https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics...ention-network

    Large-Scale Brain Systems

    Using MRI-measured brain anatomy and functional connectivity from 1000 healthy adults, Yeo et al. (2011) recently observed the remarkable replicability of the same seven patterns of cortical networks within the human brain. These same networks are identified in adults, adolescents, children, and even in infants as assessed through resting-state neuroimaging technologies (Menon, 2013). Many brain regions within these networks are involved in both nonlanguage related and language processes. Our “bullet point” is that specific “hubs” or “nodes” within these cortical regions have reciprocal connections with different modules within the cerebellum and nodes within basal ganglia (Buckner, personal communication, April 3, 2014; Habas et al., 2009; Middleton & Strick, 1996). (Many subsystems and networks can be identified; we focus upon this model for the purpose of illustration, since this model has been the subject of a preponderance of investigations.)

    These large-scale cortical systems include frontoparietal networks (FPNs) commonly engaged during effortful cognitive task performance requiring information or rules to be held in mind for purposeful, goal-directed behavioral guidance. FPNs consist of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, the anterior prefrontal cortex, the lateral cerebellum, the anterior insula, the caudate nucleus, and the inferior parietal lobe. The left hemisphere FPN is responsible for internally guided behavior; the right hemisphere FPN is activated by external influences when situations are unfamiliar and require the development of new problem-solving strategies.

    The dorsal and ventral attention networks are involved in goal-directed executive control processes and salience evaluations respectively, which are necessary operations for the control of spatial attention and the orientation of attention to a specific area of interest. The ventral attention network (VAN) includes the temporoparietal junction, the supramarginal gyrus, the frontal operculum, and the anterior insula. The focus of the VAN is primarily upon allocentric space, or knowing about objects that lie beyond immediate reach, including information about what those objects are used for. The dorsal attention network (DAN) is anchored in the intraparietal sulcus and the frontal eye fields. The DAN includes a focus upon egocentric space to generate sensory-motor information about functions such as reaching, grasping, the “data” that are important for knowing about how to use objects.

    The occipital lobe, the lateral temporal region, and the superior parietal lobule, making up the visual network (VN), interact with the DAN and VAN to sustain attention and to suppress attention to extraneous, irrelevant variables. Therefore, these are critical components of the brain’s “action control” system, and as we will demonstrate throughout this chapter, certain hubs within these regions are involved in linguistic functions. The limbic network interacts with these systems to generate motivational and reward influences. The sensory motor network (SMN) consists of the primary motor cortex, the primary and secondary sensory cortices, the supplementary motor cortex, the ventral premotor cortex, the putamen, the thalamus, and the cerebellum. These regions are involved in language, and in certain motor abnormalities that are also observed in developmental disorders. In addition, a default mode network (DMN) whose activity is high until active, goal-directed cognitive processing is required is anchored in two regions, the anterior medial prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex as well as two additional systems, the dorsomedial prefrontal system and the medial temporal lobe memory system.

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    A. (large-scale) networks

    B. subsystems

    C. specific regions

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    A. (large-scale) networks

    B. subsystems

    C. specific regions
    The functions could be based on subsystems (CON1, pDMN2 etc).

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_mode_network

    Medial temporal subsystem: Autobiographical memory and future simulations

    Functional hubs: PCC, mPFC, and angular gyrus
    Hippocampus (HF+): Formation of new memories as well as remembering the past and imagining the future
    Parahippocampus (PHC): Spatial and scene recognition and simulation
    Retrosplenial cortex (RSC): Spatial navigation
    Posterior inferior parietal lobe (pIPL): Junction of auditory, visual, and somatosensory information and attention

    ------

    "NiTe", "SiTe" ... DMN is a task-negative network so math is not processed by "Te".

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    "NiTe", "SiTe" ... DMN is a task-negative network so math is not processed by "Te".
    Socionics Model A and MBTT are obviously incorrect since a conscious "Te" does not imply an unconscious "Ti".

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    "NiTe", "SiTe" ... DMN is a task-negative network so math is not processed by "Te".
    Socionics Model A and MBTT are obviously incorrect since a conscious "Te" does not imply an unconscious "Ti".
    ... or "Te" corresponds to FN which interacts with FPN ("Ti").

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    Quote Originally Posted by Petter View Post
    Socionics Model A and MBTT are obviously incorrect since a conscious "Te" does not imply an unconscious "Ti".
    Why not?

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    Quote Originally Posted by FreelancePoliceman View Post
    Why not?
    Because everyone has an active/conscious DMN.


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_mode_network

    "It is best known for being active when a person is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest, such as during daydreaming and mind-wandering. It can also be active during detailed thoughts related to external task performance. Other times that the DMN is active include when the individual is thinking about others, thinking about themselves, remembering the past, and planning for the future."

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    Brian Cox: extraversion + DMN > CON1 > rFPN
    ... and primary PFS-WM.

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    a planner prefers "Ti 1" (dynamic)

    not a planner prefers "Ti 2" (static)

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    https://groups.psych.northwestern.ed...Gentner02a.pdf (retrieval of analogs etc)





    https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/analogical-reasoning


    Analogical reasoning (analogy minus literal) recruited the dorsomedial frontal cortex (BA 8) and left-hemisphere regions, including frontopolar (BA 10), inferior frontal (BA 44, BA 45, BA 46, and BA 47), and middle frontal (BA 6) cortices, and also inferior parietal cortex (BA 40).





    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3665907/

    Segregation of the human medial prefrontal cortex in social cognition

    While the human medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is widely believed to be a key node of neural networks relevant for socio-emotional processing, its functional subspecialization is still poorly understood. We thus revisited the often assumed differentiation of the mPFC in social cognition along its ventral-dorsal axis. Our neuroinformatic analysis was based on a neuroimaging meta-analysis of perspective-taking that yielded two separate clusters in the ventral and dorsal mPFC, respectively. We determined each seed region's brain-wide interaction pattern by two complementary measures of functional connectivity: co-activation across a wide range of neuroimaging studies archived in the BrainMap database and correlated signal fluctuations during unconstrained (“resting”) cognition. Furthermore, we characterized the functions associated with these two regions using the BrainMap database. Across methods, the ventral mPFC was more strongly connected with the nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, posterior cingulate cortex, and retrosplenial cortex, while the dorsal mPFC was more strongly connected with the inferior frontal gyrus, temporo-parietal junction, and middle temporal gyrus. Further, the ventral mPFC was selectively associated with reward related tasks, while the dorsal mPFC was selectively associated with perspective-taking and episodic memory retrieval. The ventral mPFC is therefore predominantly involved in bottom-up-driven, approach/avoidance-modulating, and evaluation-related processing, whereas the dorsal mPFC is predominantly involved in top–down-driven, probabilistic-scene-informed, and metacognition-related processing in social cognition.





    https://www.readcube.com/articles/10.3758%2Fbf03193614

    A range of empirical evidence has established that analogical reasoning depends on the executive resources of working memory (WM). For example, experiments in which a dual-task methodology has been utilized have shown that the processes of binding and mapping used in analogical reasoning suffer interference from a concurrent WM task, especially a task that demands executive control (Morrison, Holyoak, & Truong, 2001). The prefrontal cortex, which plays a critical role in the executive aspects of WM (Glahn et al., 2002), has also been shown to mediate analogical reasoning. Wharton et al. (2000) used positron emission tomography to investigate the brain activation associated with solving geometric analogy problems. Regions active during analogical reasoning, but not during literal visual comparisons, included the left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex.





    https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics...frontal-cortex

    The ability of neurons in DLPC to hold in memory the spatial location of targets depends on reciprocal connections with posterior parietal cortex (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic, 1998), FEF, SEF, and limbic cortex (including parahippocampal and cingulate cortex). DLPC receives inputs from the thalamus and medial pulvinar, and projects to the caudate, putamen, claustrum, thalamic nuclei, superior colliculus, and PPRF (Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1988; Cavada and Goldman-Rakic, 1989; Moschovakis et al., 2004).





    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsol...frontal_cortex

    As the DLPFC is composed of spatial selective neurons...





    https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/dorsomedial-prefrontal-cortex

    The dmPFC is a region that acts as a conduit between cognitive control areas and affect-triggering regions and that plays a role in both generating and regulating emotion (Kober et al., 2008).


    Last edited by Petter; 06-02-2021 at 07:51 AM.

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    aDMN (dmPFC) --> "Fi"

    CON1 (anterior cingulate cortex), CON2 (inferior frontal gyrus) --> "Fe"

    ------

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsom...frontal_cortex

    The dmPFC is identified to play roles in processing a sense of self, integrating social impressions, theory of mind, morality judgments, empathy, decision making, altruism, fear and anxiety information processing, and top-down motor cortex inhibition.



    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex

    Activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) has been implicated in processing both the detection and appraisal of social processes, including social exclusion.



    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_frontal_gyrus

    The left opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus is a part of the articulatory network involved in motor syllable programs. The articulatory network also contains the premotor cortex, and the anterior insula. These areas are interrelated but have specific functions in speech comprehension and production.

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