What are the antecedents of abstraction?
Several situational factors influence whether people think in more concrete or more abstract terms. As noted earlier, when people have to respond to psychologically distant things (e.g., experiences in the distant future, hypothetical experiences), they engage in abstraction as a way to broaden their mental horizons so that they can traverse the psychological distance (Trope & Liberman, 2010, 2012; also see Epstude & Peetz, 2012).
Affective experiences also alter people’s level of abstraction; a positive mood has been shown to promote abstraction (e.g., Fredrickson & Branigan, 2005; Gasper & Clore, 2002; but also see Huntsinger, Clore, & Bar-Anan, 2010).
Finally, people describe positive ingroup and negative outgroup behaviors in more abstract, invariant terms than negative ingroup and positive outgroup behaviors. This implies that people can use abstraction to protect self-esteem (Maass, 1999; Maass, Salvi, Arcuri, & Semin, 1989; also see Campbell & Sedikides, 1999; Miller & Ross, 1975).
Some variables have a more complex relationship with abstraction. For example, on the one hand, people think more abstractly when they have more expertise dealing with things (Vallacher & Wegner, 1987, 1989; see also Hinds et al., 2001; Wicklund, Braun, & Waibel, 1994).
On the other hand, expertise also pushes the basic level at which people think about things to a more concrete level (Tanaka & Taylor, 1991). To illustrate, a dog expert may typically think at the level of specific breeds rather than at the broader level of dog.
What are the major consequences of abstraction?
Abstraction has consequences across a variety of phenomena. For example, abstraction has been shown to shift people’s time perspective, because it presumably allows people to take into account psychologically distant things (Liberman, Trope, McCrea, & Sherman, 2007).
This in turn has been shown to improve personal outcomes in domains such as creativity (e.g., Förster, Friedman, & Liberman, 2004; Jia, Hirt, & Karpen, 2009; Liberman, Polack, Hameiri, & Blumenfeld, 2012), self-control (e.g., Fujita & Han, 2009; Fujita & Roberts, 2010; Fujita, Trope, et al., 2006), and life satisfaction (e.g., Updegraff & Suh, 2007).
Moreover, abstraction has been shown to have positive as well as negative effects on personal outcomes in the health domain. On the one hand, abstraction has been shown to help people deal with mood problems (e.g., Ayduk & Kross, 2009; Kross
Ayduk, & Mischel, 2005; Mergenthaler, 1996). On the other hand, abstraction has been shown to promote certain biases in health risk perceptions (e.g., a patient underestimates the likelihood that she is having a heart attack because her symptoms are not typical; Reyna, 2004) and to be positively associated with the severity of symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder (Dar & Katz, 2005).
Abstraction also has interpersonal consequences. Specifically, higher levels of abstraction are associated with more stereotyping (e.g., Brewer & Gardner, 1996; McCrea, Wieber, & Myers, 2012) and dispositional attributions of others (Kozak, Marsh, & Wegner, 2006; McIntyre, Paulson, Lord, & Lepper, 2004).
In the realm of social influence, abstraction seems to foster both resistance to persuasion by decreasing the impact of contextual information (e.g., incidental strangers’ opinions) on people’s beliefs (e.g., Ledgerwood et al., 2010) as well as openness to persuasion by increasing the impact of more cross-situational information (e.g., consensus opinion; Ledgerwood & Callahan, 2012) on people’s beliefs.
Furthermore, abstraction has consequences for social conflict, because it has been shown to facilitate cooperative problem solving and beneficial negotiations (e.g., Giacomantonio, De Dreu, & Mannetti, 2010; Henderson, 2011; Henderson & Trope, 2009).
In summary, abstraction enables people to broaden their mental horizons, which has consequences for a variety of important judgments, decisions, and behaviors. In the next section, we examine the various methods for studying abstraction.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile...bstraction.pdf